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BIOCHEMISTRY
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vocabulary
42. carbohydrate
protein
lipid
energy
activation energy
enzymes
substrate
active site
• polarity
• cohesion
• adhesion
• Not in 2010
• hydrolysis
• 54. condensation
reaction
I ATOMIC STRUCTURE
• Properties of elements are determined by
the number of protons in the nucleus.
• The number of protons in a nucleus is
called the atomic number
• What is the name
of this element?
Diagram Oxygen and Hydrogen
atomic numbers 8 and 1
1P
Diagram Oxygen and Hydrogen
atomic numbers 8 and 1
8P
8N
1P
Diagram Oxygen and Hydrogen
atomic numbers 8 and 1
8P
8N
1P
1P
Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so
as to have 8 electrons
C would like to Gain 4 electrons
N would like to Gain 3 electrons
O would like to Gain 2 electrons
Diagram the Polarity of the Water
molecule
Oxygen
hydrogen
hydrogen
Electrons tend to
spend more time
near the oxygen
because the
positive nucleus
attracts the
negative
electrons
II PROPERTIES OF WATER
• 1. polarity
• results in :
–temperature
stabilizing effect
(high heat capacity)
–surface tension
–cohesive properties
Properties of water cont’
• 2. excellent solvent • 3. Expands when
• Solute- material
frozen
dissolved in a
• opposite of all
solvent
other known
• Adhesion- sticks to
materials
other materials
• Cohesion- sticks to
materials like itself
III FERMENTATION AND DISTILLATION
• Diagram a still w/
corn, yeast, and water
– hydrogen bonds in
water raises the
boiling point
• Emphasis on boiling
points
• yeast is a fungus
• drinking addiction
Diagram this process
Draw results of fermentation demo
(in your notes)
IV IMPORTANCE OF WATER
• 1. Source of H and O for chemical
reactions
• 2. a medium for transporting foods,
minerals and other substances in a living
system
• 3. medium in which soluble materials are
absorbed from the environment
• (“medium” means: method, material or way)
• 4. support (by water pressure)
in plant cells and invertebrates
(worms)
• 5. high percentage of the body weight
• *blood composition is almost identical to sea
water*
• EVIDENCE OF LIFE
ORIGINATING IN THE SEA
V ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
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O 100.1
C 27.72
H 15.4
Ca 2.31
P 1.54
N 1.48
K
.54
S
.35
composition
of the human
body
Pounds of
each element
in a 150 pound
person
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Na .23
Cl .23
Mg .077
Fe .006
I
.006
Mn .0045
Trace
–Si, F, Cu, Zn
Where do these elements come
from?
water
soil,
atmosphere
VI CARBON COMPOUNDS IN CELLS
• ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- the
study of carbon compounds and
their reactions. Carbon is unique
because it can form long chains
and rings
• Diagram carbon atomic structure and write short hand
for chemical bonds
Carbon Atom A.N. 6
6P6N
Four outer
level or
“valence
electrons”
C
Carbon Atom A.N. 6
6P6N
Four outer
level or
“valence
electrons”
C
Carbon Atom A.N. 6
Short hand
version
6P6N
Bar = one
shared pair of
electrons
C
C
CARBOHYDRATES
Cells need fuel to function:
especially CHO and fats
V. FOODS
• ALL PLANTS -sugars are in fruits,
vegetables, lactose in milk
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starch in potatoes
Food categories that provide CHO:
Fruits
Vegetables
Grains
Milk
Meat alternates
NOT meat or oil
Plants create CHO via photosynthesis
LIPIDS (categories)
• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids
• Sterols
• More commonly to
you
– Oils, fats,
waxes, steroids
I FUNCTION (in order of importance to humans)
• STORED ENERGY
• STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
1. Protection of vital organs
2. Insulation
3. Membranes
• CARRIES ESSENTIAL
NUTRIENTS
Examples of triglycerides
Fats
Oils
IV. EXAMPLES
• NEUTRAL FATS (triglycerides)
- butter, lard, oil
• WAXES- cutin on leaf surfaces, ears,
honey comb
• STEROLS- cholesterol, hormones,
steroids, vitamin D precursor
– LDL low density bad
– HDL high density good
V. FOODS
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meats
seeds
nuts
milk
I. FUNCTIONS
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ENZYMES "speeds up reactions“ (more later)
STRUCTURE (muscle)
TRANSPORT
HORMONES
IMMUNITY
ENERGY (last energy source used by
humans)
II COMPOSITION
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Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen,
Sulfur
• Monomer amino acid
BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS
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20 amino acids in the world of life
III STRUCTURE
• amino group + acid group
Draw
this in
your
notes
• amino group + acid group
• a peptide bond links amino acids
• dipeptide- two amino acids bonded
• polypeptide- 3 or more amino acids
• Remember how the simple sugars
“monosaccharides” were joined to form a
“polysaccharide”
H and OH are
removed to form
water
Draw
this
in
your
notes
IV EXAMPLES
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amino acids
alanine tyrosine
arginine (notice the endings)
fibrous proteins- single chains
keratin collagen
globular proteins- several chains linked
together enzymes, hemoglobin,
antibodies, insulin
lipoprotein
lipid and protein bonded
glycoprotein sugar and protein bonded
V FOOD
• milk, eggs, seeds, legumes, fish, meat
enzymes
• - ALL REACTIONS REQUIRE AN
ADDITION OF ENERGY TO GET
STARTED, "ACTIVATION ENERGY"
• -BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS THAT
"SPEED UP" THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL
REACTION BY LOWERING THE
AMOUNT OF ACTIVATION ENERGY
NEEDED
1. Enzymes as biological catalyst
• Major properties
– All are globular proteins
– They increase the rate of a reaction
without themselves being used up
– Their presence does not alter the
nature or properties of the end
product(s) of the reaction
– A very small amount of catalyst can
work on a large amount of substrate
Lactose =
• Principle CHO found in milk
» carbohydrate
• Lactose intolerance
= insufficient production of enzyme lactase
ENZYME ACTIVITY
THE LOCK AND KEY HYPOTHESIS
OF ENZYME ACTIVITY
Kiwi fruit and gelatin demo
(draw in your notes)
Link to comp lab pages
• ‘Lock and key’ hypothesis
– Enzyme has a particular shape into which the
substrate(s) fit exactly
– Key = substrate
– Lock = enzyme
Enzymes are…
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SPECIFIC FOR A SUBSTRATE
UNCHANGED DURING THE REACTION
PROTEINS
REUSEABLE
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ENZYME
ACTIVITY
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TEMPERATURE
pH
AMOUNT OF PRODUCT OR
SUBSTRATE PRESENT
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PRESENCE OF OTHER ENZYMES
Link to BEANO lab pages
COMMERCIAL USES OF ENZYMES
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DETERGENTS
LACTASE
DRAIN CLEANERS
SEPTIC TANK CLEANERS
CONTACT LENS CLEANERS