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DNA Chapter 8 Section 3 p. 224- 229 A. DNA • A Chemical that contains the information that an organism needs to grow and function A. DNA • 1. Watson and Crick made the first accurate model of DNA in 1953. A. DNA • 2. The Structure of DNA is similar to a Twisted Ladder (a double helix) A. DNA 2.The Structure of DNA is similar to a Twisted Ladder (a double helix) • a. The sides of the ladder are made up of sugar-phosphate molecules A. DNA 2.The Structure of DNA is similar to a Twisted Ladder (a double helix) a. The sides of the ladder are made up of sugarphosphate molecules • b. The rungs of the ladder are made up of nitrogen bases A. DNA 2.The Structure of DNA is similar to a Twisted Ladder (a double helix) • There are 4 Nitrogen Bases that make the Rungs (steps) of the ladder – – IN DNA, – Adenine always bonds to Thymine – Guanine always bonds to Cytosine A. DNA 2.The Structure of DNA is similar to a Twisted Ladder (a double helix) • 3. Before a Cell divides, its DNA duplicates itself by unwinding and separating its sides, then forming new sides. B. Genes • Sections of DNA on a chromosome B. Genes • 1. Contain instructions for making specific proteins B2. RNA • Carries the codes for making proteins from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm Three types: – Messenger RNA (mRNA) – Transfer RNA (tRNA) – Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) B2. RNA •There are 4 Nitrogen Bases that make the Rungs (steps) of the ladder – –IN RNA, –Adenine always bonds to Uracil –Guanine always bonds to Cytosine B2. RNA • 2a. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the code that directs the order in which the Amino acids bond B2. RNA • 2b. Ribosomal RNA makes up the ribosomes where the proteins are built B2. RNA • 2c. Transfer RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes to build the proteins B. Genes • 3. Cells use only the genes that direct the making of proteins needed by that cell A theatrical example: • DNA is like letters that make up • Genes which are like words or sentences which make up • Chromosomes like paragraphs or chapters which work together with • All the Chromosomes which makes the script of the play that is YOU! C. Mutations • Any permanent change in the DNA sequence of a cell’s genes or chromosomes C. Mutations • 1. Can be caused by outside factors like x-rays, Sunlight, and some chemicals. C. Mutations • 2. A change in a gene or chromosome can change the traits of an organism.