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DNA and RNA Chapter 3 DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Located in the nucleus Double helix Twisted ladder DNA Nucleotide Sugar - Deoxyribose Phosphate Base Adenine – Thymine Guanine – Cytosine Sides of ladder are consisted of sugars and phosphates Rungs of ladder are consisted of nitrogen bases Hydrogen bonds – holds bases together DNA Replication One strand of DNA “unzips” and make two strands of DNA by binding with free nucleotides DNA Replication RNA Different types are used to translate instructions from DNA into making proteins Ribonucleic acid Located in the cytoplasm RNA Nucleotide Sugar - Ribose Phosphate Base Adenine – Uracil Guanine – Cytosine Complementary Base Pairing DNA A-T C-G Examples of DNA replication: RNA A-U C-G Examples of transcription: A-T-C-G-G-C-A-T-C A-T-C-A-C-A-G-T-A A-A-C-T-G-G-G-C-G C-A-G-G-A-C-T-A-G RNA Three types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Half of a ladder Hamburger bun shaped tRNA Transfer RNA (tRNA) Attach to mRNA mRNA rRNA Codons Codon – a sequence of three nucleotide bases that represents the “code” for one amino acid Amino acid – a building block for proteins Codons Start codon - tells cells to begin making amino acids AUG Stop codon – tell cells to cease amino acid production UAG UGA UAA Transcription The first stage in making amino acids DNA is the blueprint for making amino acids Transcription occurs in the nucleus Transcription DNA unzips and free ribonucleotides bind to the DNA strand The finished product is a mRNA strand mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm Translation The second stage in producing amino acids Translation occurs in the cytoplasm A ribosome (or rRNA) attaches to a mRNA and scans the mRNA Translation One tRNA (or an anticodon) will attach to a codon to produce an amino acid After an amino acid is formed, the tRNA will detach from the mRNA Amimo acids are held together by peptide bonds Two or more amino acids form a polypeptide Progression of a protein Amino acid – the building blocks of proteins Polypeptide – two or more amino acids Protein – several polypeptide chains