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Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis • DNA (_________________________________) – contains the information needed to produce proteins. •_____________________________ – sequence of nucleotides in DNA codes for the sequence of amino acids in protein. •______________ – a portion of a DNA molecule that codes for one protein •_________________________ – the complete set of genetic instructions in a cell. 1 Structure of DNA • Two polynucleotide chains (a) Hydrogen bonds P C G Thymine (T) Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) P P T P P C G P P G P C P A P • __________________________ between the complementary base pairs hold the chains together • Bases pair specifically: _________________________ • Forms a double helix • DNA is wrapped around histones to form chromosomes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. G C A Nucleotide strand G C T C Segment of DNA molecule G A (b) Globular histone proteins Metaphase chromosome (c) Chromatin 2 DNA Replication •____________________ – process that creates an exact copy of a DNA molecule; happens during Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. A G G • ____________________________ 1) Hydrogen bonds break between ____________________________ 2) Double strands unwind and pull apart 3) New nucleotides pair with exposed bases (complementary __________________________) C C G T A Original DNA molecule C G C G A T A C T G A T G C C Region of replication G T T A T A A A C T G A C T T A T G C ____________________________ enzyme that replicates DNA T C A T G G G A Newly formed DNA molecules C G A 3 RNA •RNA – _______________________________________ •Differs from DNA in many ways: •1) __________________________________ nucleic acid •2) Nucleotides contain ___________________ instead of deoxyribose. •3) Synthesis involves base-pairing like DNA, but uses ________________ in place of Thymine: _____________ 4) Different types of RNA have different functions. ___________________________________ - the process of making RNA from DNA. 4 RNA Molecules ________________________________: Delivers genetic information from ________________________________ ________________________________ Contains information in the form of ______________________________. Codon – series of _________________ ________________________________ That codes for ___________________ ________________________________ 5 RNA & Translation •_______________________________ – used to make Ribosomes: • Provides structure and enzyme activity for protein synthesis. 1) Attaches to___________ and reads the sequence of codons 2) Forms the peptide bonds between the amino acids after they are brought to the ribosome by the tRNA. • _____________________________________________: •Carries __________________________________ to ribosome. •Has the complementary _________________ to mRNA codon. •Translates a codon of mRNA into an amino acid. •__________________________________ - assembly of an amino acid chain according to the sequence of codons in the mRNA. 6 Nature of Mutations • _____________________ – change in genetic information • Results when DNA nucleotide is: Changed = Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. _____________________________ Code for glutamic acid T P Added or Deleted = T P P A S C P S (a) T S S _____________________________ Code for valine P S P • May or may not change the protein’s structure Mutation C S (b) ____________________________________ “proof read” and correct the mutations most of the time. 7