Download OGT review 6 - HensonsBiologyPage

Review Biochemistry Tutorial
Enjoy!
Next
Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the
chemistry of living
organisms. All living things
are organic: carbon-based
Next
There are four types of organic
(carbon-based) molecules:
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids (fats)
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
Next
The four types of organic molecules are:
1. Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids,
and sugars
2. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
nucleotides
3. Carbon, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
4. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic
acids
Try Again!
Right!
Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are
the four types of organic (carbon-based)
molecules.
All the organic molecules are polymers,
meaning that they are large molecules built
from smaller ones. Each type of organic
molecule has a specific building block.
Next
These are the building blocks:
• Carbohydrates: monosaccharides
• Lipids: Fatty acids
• Proteins: amino acids
• Nucleic Acids: nucleotides
Next
Which pair of organic (carbon-based)
molecule is paired with the wrong
building block:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates: monosaccharides
Nucleic acids: amino acids
Lipids: fatty acids
Proteins: amino acids
Try Again!
Right!
The building block for nucleic acids is
actually nucleotides. Notice the first 5
letters are the same for each.
Now let’s read about each category of
organic molecules
Next
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates come from
plants and include starches,
sugars, and fiber
• Carbs provide quick energy
and give structure to plants
Next
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are polymers of
monosaccharides (sugars) that
form a ring-shaped structure
Next
What kind of organisms do
carbohydrates come from?
1. Animals
2. The sun
3. Plants
Try Again!
Right!
Plants make carbohydrates though
photosynthesis.
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
1. Energy and plant structure
2. To change the rate of chemical reaction
3. To build muscle
Try again!
Proteins build muscle!
Try again!
Enzymes are proteins that change the rate
of chemical reactions
Right!
Carbohydrates provide quick energy,
especially for athletes before a race or game,
and provide structure for plants, like the
stringy fibers in celery and the bark in trees.
Next
• Monosaccharides are the building block of
sugars.
• When two monosaccharides are bonded
together, a disaccharide is formed
• Many monosaccharides bonded together form
a polysaccharide. Carbs are polysaccharides
Next
Which of the following is not a
carbohydrate?
Try Again!
This is a monosaccharide!
Try Again!
This is a disaccharide!
Try Again!
This is a polysaccharide!
Right!
Carbohydrates are made of rings.
Proteins have the N-C-C backbone
shown in this picture.
What is the structure shown here:
1. A monosaccharide
2. A disaccharide
3. A polysaccharide
Try Again!
Right!
Disaccharide means “two sugars” and this
has two rings
• Carbs are found in many types of food,
mostly in fruits, vegetables, and starches
(bread, pasta, rice…)
• Reagents can be used to find out if certain
carbohydrates are in specific foods
Next
Testing for Carbohydrates
• Testing for simple sugars: Add Benedicts
reagent (blue) to the food and heat in a water
bath. A positive test will turn red/orange.
• Testing for starches: iodine will turn black when
added to a food sample that contains starch.
• Foods positive for simple sugar include fruits,
sweets, milk
Next
Testing for Carbohydrates
• To test for starch, iodine is added to the
food. If the reagent changes to black, then
starches must be present.
• Starchy foods include breads, rice, beans,
pasta, rice, crackers.
Next
If you add iodine to a food
substance and it turns black, then
the food must contain:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Simple sugars
Starches
Protein
Lipids
Try Again!
Right!
Iodine is the solution used to test for
starches.
If you add Benedict’s solution to a sample
and heat it, what color will it turn if it
contains simple sugars?
1. Blue
2. Black
3. Red/orange
Try again!
Right!
• Benedict’s + heat
sugars
red/orange = simple
Next
Lipids
Lipids include fats & oils. Their
function is to store long-term
energy in the body.
Next
Fatty acids are the building
blocks of lipids. A fatty acid is a
chain of carbons with hydrogen
attached to each side.
• Fatty acids that are full of hydrogen are
“saturated” – these are the unhealthy fats, like
crisco, butter, and lard
• Fatty acids that are missing at least one
hydrogen are “unsaturated” – these are kinked,
and are healthy (oils).
Next
What is the building block of lipids?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Monosaccharide
Amino acids
Nucleic acids
Fatty acids
Try again!
• Monosaccharides are the building blocks
of carbohydrates
Try again!
• Amino acids are the building blocks of
proteins
Try again!
• Nucleic acids are one of the four main
types of organic molecules (along with
lipids, proteins, and carbs).
Right!
Fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids.
Which type of fatty acid is this?
1. A oil
2. A saturated fat
3. An unsaturated fat
Try again!
Right!
Each carbon in a saturated fat is attached
to two or more hydrogen. These are the
unhealthy solid fats.
What is the main function of lipids?
1. Long-term energy storage
2. Quick energy
3. Muscle building
Try again!
• Quick energy is the function of
Carbohydrates
Try again!
• Muscle building is a function of proteins
Right!
The body stores lipids as fat that can be
broken down for energy when no sugars
are available.
Which below is not a lipid?
Try again!
• Remember that the building block of lipids
are fatty acids
Try again!
• Remember that lipids have carbon
backbones with hydrogen attached from
both sides
Right!
This is a disaccharide, which is a
carbohydrate.
Now we are going to move on to proteins!
Next
Protein
• Muscle, enzymes
• Made from amino
acid chains
• Found in meat,
beans, dairy
Next
Building Blocks of Protein
• Proteins are made from amino acids
• There are 20 possible amino acids
• The amino acids in a protein are joined
together by peptide bonds
Next
What is the building block of protein?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Monosaccharide
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Try again!
• Monosaccharides are the building block of
carbohydrates
Try again!
• Fatty acids are the building block of lipids
Try again!
• Nucleotides are the building block of
nucleic acids
Right!
The building blocks are proteins are amino
acids
Where can you find protein?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Meat, beans and dairy
Enzymes
Tissues and muscles
All of the above
Try again!
You are not wrong, but you can do better!
Right!
Foods with proteins are meat, beans, and
dairy. Proteins are also found in your body
in the muscles and tissues, and in
enzymes.
Enzymes are important because they help
chemical reactions to happen faster.
Without enzymes, not much would get
done in your body.
Next
How many different amino acids
are there?
1. Three
2. Four
3. Twenty
Try again!
Right!
There are 20 different amino acids. The type
and order of amino acids determine the
shape of the protein. The shape of the
protein determines its function (what it
does).
What would happen if a protein was made with
the wrong amino acids?
1. Its shape would be wrong
2. It wouldn’t be able to function correctly
3. Both 1 and 2 are true
Try again!
This isn’t the whole answer
Right!
The amino acid sequence is responsible for the
shape and function of the protein.
Here are a couple of amino acids:
To recognize an amino acid chain, look for the N-CC in its backbone.
Next
Which picture below shows a
protein?
Try again!
This is a lipid
Right!
The N-C-C backbone gives it away.
What type of bond joins these amino acids
together to make a protein?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Peptide bonds
Hydrolytic bonds
Decompensation bonds
Protein bonds
Try again!
Right!
Peptide bonds join the amino acids together
to make a protein.
We can test for proteins in foods by adding
Biuret solution to a substance. If the
reagent turns purple, then protein must be
present.
Next
Benedict’s + heat
1.
2.
3.
4.
turns red/orange means
that:
Simple sugars are present
Proteins are present
Starches are present
Lipids are present
Try again!
• Biurets indicates the presence of protein
Try again!
• Lipids are determined by the paper test!
Try again!
• Iodine is used to find out if a food has
starch
Right!
If Benedict’s solution is mixed with a
substance that contains simple sugars, it
will turn reddish-orange when heated
Next
How can you determine if a food
contains protein?
1. Add Biuret and look for a color change to
black
2. Add Benedict’s and look for a color
change to purple
3. Add Biuret’s and heat and look for a
color change to black
4. Add Biuret’s and look for a change to
purple
Try again!
Right!
Biuret’s turns purple in the presence of
proteins, like in meats, dairy, and beans.
Next
Nucleic
Acids
• Nucleic acids
include DNA
and RNA, which
provide
instructions for
making proteins
Next
The building blocks of nucleic acids are
Nucleotides
A nucleotide has three parts:
• A sugar
• A phosphate group
• A nitrogen base
Next
The Bases
• In DNA, the sugar and phosphate are always the
same, but there are four types of nitrogen bases:
A, G, C, and T.
• RNA also has four different bases:
A, G, C, and U
Notice that DNA and RNA have 3 bases in common.
Next
What is the building block of
nucleic acids?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Monosaccharide
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Try again!
Monosaccharides are the building block of
carbohydrates
Try again!
Fatty acids are the building block of lipids
Try again!
Amino acids are the building block of
proteins
Right!
Nucleotides are the building block of nucleic
acids.
Which is not one of the three parts of a
nucleotide?
1. Fatty acid
2. Sugar
3. Phosphate
4. Nitrogen base
Try again!
Try again!
Try again!
Right!
A nucleotide is a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen
base.
DNA is called a double
helix because it looks
like a twisted ladder. The
rails of the ladder are
made of alternating
sugars and phosphates.
Next
The Double Helix of
DNA
The rungs of the DNA
ladder are made of the
nitrogen bases, one
from each side. The
bases hold the two
strands together.
Notice how A always
pairs with T, and C
always pairs with G.
Next
What are the rails in DNA made
from?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nucleotides
Amino acids
Sugars and phosphates
Sugars and bases
Try again!
Right!
The rails are made of sugar and phosphate.
What are the rungs made of?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Two nitrogen bases, one from each side
One nitrogen base that joins to each side
Two phosphates, one from each side
One sugar that joins to each side
Try again!
Right!
The rungs are made of two bases, one from
each side. The bases bond to join the rails
together. “A” always bonds with “T”, and “C”
always bonds with “G”.
What is the function of DNA?
1. It makes RNA
2. It carries genetic information
3. It is found in muscles and tissues
Try again!
Right!
DNA carries information for making proteins
in the body.
RNA is a copy of DNA, and it also carries
information. It carries the same information
that is in the DNA that it has copied.
Next
The Single Helix of RNA
RNA is is smaller than DNA
because it only has one
strand. The strand has a rail
of sugar and phosphate, and
½ a rung made of one
nitrogen base.
Next
How is RNA different from DNA?
1. It is a copy of DNA
2. It has only one strand
3. It has a “U” instead of a “T” for a nitrogen
base
4. All are correct
Try again!
You didn’t tell the whole story
Right!
You are done!!!!
Great Job!!!!!!
If you have any questions, go ask Mrs.
Brown.
What kind of molecules are these?
Testing for Carbohydrates
• To test for starch, iodine reagent is added
to the food. If the iodine turns black, then
starch must be present.
Starches include such foods as potatoes,
rice, pasta, and bread.
Next
If you add iodine to a food substance and
the iodine turns black, the food must
contain:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Simple sugars
Starches
Lipids
Proteins
Try again!