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C. Proteins 1. Structure 2. Functions a. energy storage b. structure c. metabolic - enzymes d. transport e. immunity 1** - Higher Levels of Structure LE 5-20a Amino end Primary Structure: Amino acid subunits the AA sequence Carboxyl end LE 5-20b Secondary Structure: Helices and Sheets b pleated sheet Amino acid subunits helix LE 5-20c The spiral strands (capture strands) are elastic, stretching in response to wind, rain, and the touch of insects. Abdominal glands of the spider secrete silk fibers that form the web. The radiating strands, made of dry silk fibers, maintain the shape of the web. Spider silk: a structural protein Containing b pleated sheets LE 5-20d Tertiary Structure: Folded / "Globular" Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions Polypeptide backbone Hydrogen bond Disulfide bridge Ionic bond LE 5-20e Quaternary Structure: > 1 protein bond together Polypeptide chain b Chains Iron Heme Polypeptide chain Collagen Chains Hemoglobin Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds III. Biologically Important Molecules A. Water B. Carbohydrates C. Proteins D. Lipids D. Lipids 1. Structure monomer = fatty acid Mammal, bird, reptile fats - saturated - solid at room temp Plants, fish - often unsaturated - liquid at room temp. Unsaturated fats can be 'hydrogenated' (peanut butter) D. Lipids 1. Structure monomer = fatty acid D. Lipids 1. Structure transfats associated with atherosclerosis LE 5-11a D. Lipids 1. Structure - glycerol... and binding Fatty acid (palmitic acid) Glycerol Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat D. Lipids 1. Structure polymer = fat (triglyceride) D. Lipids 1. Structure polymer = fat (triglyceride) phospholipid D. Lipids 1. Structure 2. Function D. Lipids 1. Structure 2. Function a. energy storage - long term - densely packed bonds D. Lipids 1. Structure 2. Function a. energy storage - long term - densely packed bonds b. Cell membranes D. Lipids 1. Structure 2. Function a. energy storage - long term - densely packed bonds b. Cell membranes c. insulation D. Lipids 1. Structure 2. Function a. energy storage - long term - densely packed bonds b. Cell membranes c. insulation d. homones and cholesterol derivatives Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds III. Biologically Important Molecules A. Water B. Carbohydrates C. Proteins D. Lipids E. Nucleic Acids (later) CELL BIOLOGY - Overview: Material/Energy is absorbed across the membrane (life is cellular) CELL BIOLOGY - Overview: Material/Energy is absorbed across the membrane (life is cellular) It is metabolized - energy and products are harvested. (metabolism) CELL BIOLOGY - Overview: Material/Energy is absorbed across the membrane (life is cellular) It is metabolized - energy and products are harvested. (metabolism) The energy (and some products of digestion) are used to: CELL BIOLOGY - Overview: Material/Energy is absorbed across the membrane (life is cellular) It is metabolized - energy and products are harvested. (metabolism) The energy (and some products of digestion) are used to: 1) build proteins (growth) which allow response. CELL BIOLOGY - Overview: Material/Energy is absorbed across the membrane (life is cellular) It is metabolized - energy and products are harvested. (metabolism) The energy (and some products of digestion) are used to: 1) build proteins (growth) which allow response. 2) replicate DNA and divide (cell division and reproduction) CELL BIOLOGY - Overview: Material/Energy is absorbed across the membrane (life is cellular) It is metabolized - energy and products are harvested. (metabolism) The energy (and some products of digestion) are used to: 1) build proteins (growth) which allow response. 2) replicate DNA and divide (cell division and reproduction) Which produces patterns of genetic relatedness among cells and organisms (evolutionary history) CELL BIOLOGY - Overview: A. Membranes - how stuff get in/out of cells 1. Structure LE 7-2 CELL BIOLOGY - Overview: A. Membranes - how stuff get in/out of cells 1. Structure - phospholipids WATER Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail WATER LE 7-5 Lateral movement (~107 times per second) Flip-flop (~ once per month) Movement of phospholipids Viscous Fluid Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails with kinks Membrane fluidity Saturated hydrocarbon tails Cholesterol Cholesterol within the animal cell membrane LE 7-7 Fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM) Glycoprotein Carbohydrates Glycolipid EXTRACELLULAR SIDE OF MEMBRANE Cholesterol Microfilaments of cytoskeleton proteins CYTOPLASMIC SIDE OF MEMBRANE CELL BIOLOGY - Overview: A. Membranes - how stuff get in/out of cells 1. Structure 2. Functions LE 7-9a Signal Enzymes Receptor ATP Transport Enzymatic activity Signal transduction LE 7-9b Glycoprotein Cell-cell recognition Intercellular joining Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM) CELL BIOLOGY - Overview: A. Membranes - how stuff get in/out of cells 1. Structure 2. Functions Types of "transport" LE 7-11a Types of "transport" - DIFFUSION Molecules of dye Membrane (cross section) WATER Net diffusion Diffusion of one solute Net diffusion Equilibrium LE 7-11b Types of "transport" - DIFFUSION Net diffusion Net diffusion Diffusion of two solutes Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium Equilibrium LE 7-12 Lower concentration of solute (sugar) Higher concentration of sugar Same concentration of sugar H2O Selectively permeable membrane: sugar molecules cannot pass through pores, but water molecules can - OSMOSIS: Water Potential: diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from HI to LO water potential as solute conc. increases as pressure increases Osmosis