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Nucleic acids
AP Biology
2006-2007
Nucleic Acids
Information
storage
AP Biology
2006-2007
Nucleic Acids
 Function:

genetic material
 stores information
 genes
 blueprint for building proteins

DNA
DNA  RNA  proteins
 transfers information
 blueprint for new cells
 blueprint for next generation
AP Biology
proteins
G
C
T
A
AP Biology
A
C
G
T
A
C
G
T
A
Nucleic Acids
 Examples:

RNA (ribonucleic acid)
 single helix

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
 double helix
 Structure:

AP Biology
monomers = nucleotides
DNA
RNA
Nucleotides
 3 parts
nitrogen base (C-N ring)
 pentose sugar (5C)

 ribose in RNA
 deoxyribose in DNA

AP Biology
phosphate (PO4) group
Nitrogen base
I’m the
A,T,C,G or U
part!
Types of nucleotides
 2 types of nucleotides
different nitrogen bases
 purines

 double ring N base
 adenine (A)
 guanine (G)

pyrimidines
 single ring N base
 cytosine (C)
 thymine (T)
 uracil (U)
AP Biology
Purine = AG
Pure silver!
Nucleic polymer
 Backbone
sugar to PO4 bond
 phosphodiester bond

 new base added to sugar of
previous base
 polymer grows in one direction

N bases hang off the
sugar-phosphate backbone
Dangling bases?
Why is this important?
AP Biology
Pairing of nucleotides
 Nucleotides bond between
DNA strands
H bonds
 purine :: pyrimidine
 A :: T

 2 H bonds

G :: C
 3 H bonds
Matching bases?
Why is this important?
AP Biology
DNA molecule
 Double helix

H bonds between bases
join the 2 strands
 A :: T
 C :: G
H bonds?
Why is this important?
AP Biology
Copying DNA
 Replication

2 strands of DNA helix are
complementary
 have one, can build other
 have one, can rebuild the
whole
Matching halves?
Why is this
a good system?
AP Biology
When does a cell copy DNA?
 When in the life of a cell does DNA have
to be copied?

cell reproduction
 mitosis

gamete production
 meiosis
AP Biology
DNA replication
“It has not escaped our notice that
the specific pairing we have
postulated immediately suggests a
possible copying mechanism for the
genetic material.”
James Watson
Francis Crick
1953
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Watson and Crick … and others…
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Maurice Wilkins… and…
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1953 | 1962
Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958)
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Interesting note…
 Ratio of A-T::G-C
affects stability
of DNA molecule


2 H bonds vs. 3 H bonds
biotech procedures
 more G-C =
need higher T° to
separate strands

high T° organisms
 many G-C

parasites
 many A-T (don’t know why)
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Another interesting note…
 ATP
Adenosine triphosphate

modified nucleotide
 adenine (AMP) + Pi + Pi
+
AP Biology
+
Macromolecule
Review
AP Biology
2006-2007
Carbohydrates
 Structure / monomer


Monosaccharide
How classified?
 Function




energy
raw materials
energy storage
structural compounds
 Examples

glucose, starch,
cellulose, glycogen
AP Biology
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Lipids
 Structure / building block


glycerol, fatty acids, H-C
chains
Not a Polymer
 Function



energy storage
membranes
hormones
 Examples

fat, phospholipids,
steroids
 Types

Saturated/Unsaturated
AP Biology
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Proteins
 Structure / monomer


amino acids
levels of structure
 Function / Examples
 How Made?
AP Biology
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Nucleic acids
 Structure / monomer

nucleotide
 Function

information storage
& transfer
 Examples
DNA, RNA
 Compare/Contrast

AP Biology
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Ghosts of Lectures Past
(storage)
AP Biology
2007-2008
Building the polymer
AP Biology
RNA & DNA
 RNA

single nucleotide chain
 DNA

double nucleotide chain
 N bases bond in pairs
across chains

spiraled in a double helix
 double helix 1st proposed as structure of DNA
in 1953 by James Watson & Francis Crick
(just celebrated 50th anniversary in 2003!)
AP Biology
Information polymer
 Function

series of bases encodes information
 like the letters of a book

stored information is passed
from parent to offspring
 need to copy accurately

stored information = genes
 genetic information
Passing on information?
Why is this important?
AP Biology