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DNA
OBJECTIVES: 12.1
Summarize the relationship between genes and
DNA.
Describe the overall structure of the DNA
molecule.
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Fredrick ________ was trying to figure out how
bacteria made people sick.
Griffith had isolate two different strains of
_________.
He cultured both strains and found that the disease
causing one grew into ______ colonies ,whereas the
harmless strain produce colonies that _____ edges.
The difference made the two strain easy to
distinguish.
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He injected the mice with the _____________
strain, the mice developed pneumonia and ____.
When mice were injected with the ________ strain,
they didn’t get sick at all.
He thought that the disease causing bacteria might
produce a ______.
He the took the disease-causing bacteria and
______ them, to _____ it, and injected them into
mice.
The mice ___, proving it was not producing poison.
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Griffith then mixed the heat-killed bacteria,
disease causing bacteria with ____, harmless ones
and injected the mixture into mice.
The mice developed ___________ and some died.
The disease-causing bacteria ______ their ability
to cause pneumonia to the harmless bacteria.
______________ is the process in which one
strain of bacteria is changed by a _____ or _____
from another strain of bacteria.
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_____ and other scientist
discovered that the ______
____ DNA stores and
transmits the genetic
information from on
generation to the next.
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______ and ______
studied viruses that
infects bacteria
(____________).
Bacteriophages are
made of ___ or ___
core and a _______
coat.
When the _____ enters a bacterium, the virus
attaches to the _______ of the cell and injects its
_______ information into it.
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The _____ genes act to produce many new
bacteriophages, and they gradually destroy the
_________.
When the cell splits open, hundreds of new
_________ burst out.
Hersey and Chase wanted to find out which part of
the virus, the _______ coat or the ___ core, entered
the cell.
They grew viruses in culture that had a
radioisotope of __________-32 and ______-35.
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The protein coat contained almost no phosphorus and
the DNA contains no sulfur.
These were used as _______.
If sulfur-35 was found in the _______, it would mean
that the viruses’ _______ coat was injected into the
bacteria.
If phosphorus-32 was found in the bacteria, then the
___ had been injected.
Hersey and Chase concluded that the _______
material of the bacteriophage was DNA not protein.
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DNA is made up of units called _____________.
A nucleotide is made up of three basic components:
1.A 5-carbon sugar (__________)
2.A __________ group
3.A nitrogenous base (_______, _______: purines)
(_______, ________: pyrimidines)
Purines have a ___ ring structure.
Pyrimidines have only ___ ring.
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_________ rules say that in any sample of DNA
that the percentage of guanine and cytosine are
almost equal and the percentage of thymine and
adenine.
This holds true of any organism’s DNA
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______ and _______ model of DNA was a _____
_____, in which two strands were wound around
each other. Base pairing says that [A] = [T] and that
[C] =[G].
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CHROMOSOMES AND DNA REPLICATION
OBJECTIVES: 12.2
Summarize the events of DNA replication.
Relate the DNA molecule to chromosome
structure.
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__________ have a single circular DNA molecule
that has nearly all the cell’s genetic material.
The DNA molecule of ______ has 4,539,221 base
pairs and is roughly 1.6 mm in length.
For the DNA of a _________ to fit inside of it, it
must be fold to only one-thousandth of its length.
_________ has as much a 1000 times the amount
of DNA as ___________.
DNA of eukaryotes is located in the ______ in the
form of a number of chromosomes.
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The human cell typical holds more than one ____
of DNA.
_________ is made up of DNA that tightly coiled
around a proteins called __________.
DNA and histones
form a _________
structure called a
_________, which
pack together to form
a system of loops and
coils.
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Because the rules of base pairing applies to DNA,
each strand of DNA can be used to ___________
the other half.
Because they can do this they are said to be
_______________.
________ replication begins at one
point and proceeds often in both
directions, until the entire
_____________ is replicated.
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In larger eukaryotic chromosomes, DNA
__________ occurs at hundreds of places.
The site where separation and replication occurs
are called replication ____.
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During DNA replication, the molecule separates
into ___ strands, then produces two new
_____________ strands following the rules of
_____ pairing.
Each strand of the double _____ of DNA serves
as a template, or model for the new strand.
Replication is caused
by _______ that
“______” the DNA.
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Enzymes are highly _______, and are usually name
for the reaction they ________.
DNA _________ joins individual nucleotides to
produce a DNA molecule, it also ______ reads the
new DNA strand.
This helps to insure that each molecule is a _____
copy of the original.
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RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
OBJECTIVES: 12.3
Tell how RNA differs from DNA.
Name the three main types of RNA.
Describe transcription and the editing of RNA.
Identify the genetic code.
Summarize translation.
Explain the relationship between genes and proteins.
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______ are coded DNA instructions that control the
production of ________ within the cell.
The first step in decoding these genetic messages is
to copy part of the _________ sequence from
___ to _____.
There are _ main differences between DNA and
RNA.
1.RNA contains _______
2.Generally a ______ strand
3.RNA has _______ instead of ________.
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RNA can be thought of as the __________ copy
of a segment of DNA.
In most cells the function of RNA is protein
_________.
The assembly of ______ acids into proteins is
controlled by RNA.
There are three types of RNA:
1. __________ RNA
2. __________ RNA
3. __________ RNA
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The RNA molecule that carry copies of the
instructions to make protein is _____.
Proteins are assemble on _________, which are
made of several dozen proteins, as well as a form
of RNA called _____.
During the construction of proteins _____ transfers
each amino acid to the ________ as coded by
_____.
_________ is the copying of a part of a nucleotide
sequence of DNA into a ___________ sequence in
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RNA
During transcription, RNA __________ binds to
DNA and ________ the DNA strands.
RNA polymerase then uses on strand of DNA as a
________ from which nucleotides are assembled
into a strand of RNA.
RNA polymerase only bind to specific sites called
“________” (these have a specific base sequence).
Eukayotes have ______ in their DNA, which do
____ code for protein.
DNA sequences that code for proteins are called
______.
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Both _______ and _____ are copied from DNA,
but the introns are cut out of the RNA molecule.
The exons are then spliced back together.
Proteins are formed by long chains of amino acids
called “____________”.
The __________ of proteins are determined by
the _____ in which different amino acids are
joined together.
A _____ consist of __ consecutive nucleotides
that specify a single amino acid that is added to
the polypeptide.
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The decoding of an _____ message into a
polypeptide chain (_______) is known as
translation.
During ________, the cell uses information from
messenger RNA to produce protein.
1.mRNA is __________ from DNA.
2.mRNA attaches to a ________.
3.As it moves through the ribosome, the proper
amino acid is brought by _____ (each molecule
carries a ________ amino acid).
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4. Each tRNA has an ________, which is three
unpaired bases.
5. Ribosomes form a _______ bond between the
first and second amino acid.
6. _____ is then released.
7. The polypeptide chain grows till it reaches a
____ ____. The chain is then released.
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MUTATIONS
OBJECTIVE: 12.4
1. Contrast gene mutations and chromosomal
mutations.
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________ are a change in genetic material.
Gene mutations involving changes in one or a few
nucleotides are known as _____ ______.
They occur at a single point where one base is
changed (includes insertions and deletions).
___ _____ starts about 6 months
old and usually results in death at
about __ years of age.
Tay Sac
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Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Point mutation: The fat hat ate the wee rat.
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If a nucleotide is ______ or _______ the bases are
still read in groups of three (_____), but now
those groupings are shifted for every codon that
follows, this is called __________ mutation.
Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Deletion: Tef atc ata tet her at.
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Hypopigmentation and
hyperpigmentation
Familial
cylindromatosis
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_____________ mutations involve changes in the
number of chromosomes.
1._______ – the loss of all or part of a
chromosome.
2.__________ – produces extra copies of parts of
chromosomes.
3._______ – reverses the direction of
chromosomes.
4.__________ – when part of one chromosome
breaks off and attaches to another.
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Most mutations are ______, with little or no effect.
Some mutations changes the ___________ of a
protein that disrupts normal biological activities.
When a complete set of chromosomes fail to
separate during _______, the _______ that result
may produce _____ (3N) or _______ (4N)
organisms.
When a organism has an extra set of chromosomes
it is called ___________.
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GENE REGULATION
OBJECTIVES: 12.5
Describe a typical gene.
Describe how the lac genes are turned off and on.
Explain how most eukaryotic genes are controlled.
Relate gene regulation to development.
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Genes turn off and on by a group of genes that
operate together called an _______.
For bacteria to use ______ as a food, they need a lac
operon.
The lac genes are turned off by ______ and turned
on by the presence of lactose.
Most eukaryotic genes are controlled individually
and have regulatory sequences that are much more
complex than those of the lac operon.
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The “_____ box” seems to help position RNA
__________ by marking a point just before the
point at which _________ begins.
___________ is when cells become specialized in
structure and function.
______ genes control the differentiation of cells and
tissues in the embryo.
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