Download Bell Work

Carbohydrates
 Includes sugars and starches
 Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
 Usually hydrogen and oxygen are in a ration of 2 H to
every 1 O, just like in water, which results in the name
(carbohydrate means hydrated carbon)
 The types of carbohydrates are as follows:
 Monosaccharide – one sugar. Also known as a simple
sugar, usually in a single line or a ring and contain 3-7
carbons. Examples include glucose (blood sugar,
universal cellular fuel), fructose, galactose, ribose, and
deoxyribose
 Disaccharides – double sugars. Formed when two
sugars are joined together through a dehydration
reaction. Examples are sucrose (glucose-fructose; cane
sugar), lactose (glucose-galactose; milk) and maltose
(glucose-glucose; malt sugar)
 Polysaccharides – long, branching chains of sugars.
They are large and used for energy storage. Examples:
starch (plants) and glycogen (animals)
Lipids
 Large and diverse group of organic compounds
 Enter the body in the form of fat-marbled meats, egg
yolks, milk products, and fats
 Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but oxygen is
greatly outnumbered
 Tend to be insoluble in water, but soluble in other
lipids, alcohols, and acetone.
Types of Lipids
 Triglycerides
 neutral fats.
 Composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a
glycerol molecule (looks like an E).
 Can be saturated (all single bonds, usually a
solid, found in animals) or unsaturated
(liquid, found in plants)
 Can be used to make a huge amount of energy
and is stored in fat deposits
Types of Lipids
 Phospholipids – Similar to triglycerides, except
one of the fatty acids is a phosphorous
containing group. This gives half of the
molecule a polarity; while the other half is
nonpolar. Great for membranes (cellular
boundaries).
 Steroids – a flat molecule formed by four
interlocking molecular rings. Also formed
mostly by carbon and hydrogen and are fat
soluble. Example: cholesterol
Proteins
 Account for over 50% of the organic matter in the
body.
 Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
sometimes sulfur
 Made from amino acids
 There are about 20 common amino acids. All
contain an amine group (NH2) and an acid group
(COOH) and only differ from each other by a single
group of atoms called the R-group
Two types of Proteins
 Fibrous – structural proteins. Important in
binding structures together and providing
strength
 Globular – functional proteins. They are mobile,
generally spherical molecules, and have a great
range of uses.
 Enzymes (biological catalysts) are a type of
globular protein
Nucleic Acids
 They make up genes
 Made up of nucleotides, which are composed of a
nitrogen base, a pentose (5-carbon) sugar, and a
phosphate group
 The five nitrogen bases are adenine, guanine,
cytosine, thymine, and uracil
The two major types of nucleic
acids are
 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – the main blue
print of the cell, double helix, has a deoxyribose
sugar backbone with the nucleic acids acting as
the rungs. Does not use uracil, and uses
complimentary pair (AT and CG)
 Ribonucleic acid – single strand with a ribose
backbone, U replaces T, helps to make the
proteins gathering the proper information for
the ribosomes
Adenosine Triphosphate and
Adenosine Diphosphate
 The rechargeable batteries of nature. Adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) is the charged battery;
adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is the spent battery
 Cells use the energy given off from breaking the
phosphate bond in ATP to do pretty much
everything
 Once the bond is broken, ATP becomes ADP
 Energy from sugar is used to charge the molecule
back to ATP so it can be used again.