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POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin Additonal Text by J Padilla exclusive for physiology at ECC UNIT 3 16 Blood HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Composition of Blood Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-1 (1 of 2) Cellular Elements Three main cellular elements Platelets split off from megakaryocyte Five types of mature white blood cells Monocytes develop into macrophages Tissue basophils are mast cells Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages are known as phagocytes Lymphocytes are also called immunocytes Basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils are also called granulocytes Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Composition of Blood Found in lymphatic system, B& T-cells Exit blood stream to become macrophages & APC Phagocyte for bacteria & secretes cytokines (ex. signal fever) Phagocyte for parasites & cytokines related to allergies Mediate inflamation& allegies via cytokine release (histamine) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-1 (2 of 2) Hematopoiesis Signaled by erythropoeitin, a hormone released by the kidneys in response to low O2, Or by thrombopoetin, colonystimulating factors, interleukin, & stem cell factor Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-2 Focus on … Bone Marrow Blood production in adults is limited to the axial skeleton, the humerus,a nd femur. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-4a Focus on … Bone Marrow Overall components of bone marrow include the stroma & sinus capillary. Notice the platelet, RBC, and Neutrophil formation (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Platelets Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. Reticular cell Stem Mature neutrophil Reticular fiber cell Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Venous sinus Stem cell The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings matrix. Macrophage Monocyte Lymphocyte Figure 16-4c Erythrocytes Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Originate in bone marrow and as they mature they expel their organelles before entering the blood stream. Most numerous component of formed elements. Contain no nucleus or organelles, instead they are packed with hemoglobin. There are three important characteristics of red blood cells: 1. Their concave shape allows for 30% more surface area for carrying oxygen. 2. 97% of their content is hemoglobin. It is used for binding both oxygen & CO2 3. They depend on anaerobic respiration thus they do not consume any oxygen Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Osmotic Changes to Red Blood Cells Morphology of red blood cells can provide clues to the presence of disease. Diagram shows cells in solutions of different salt concentrations. However, some disorders do are due to abnormal RBC shape. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-6 Sickled Red Blood Cells A single genetic mutation error in one amino acids produces a proteins with an irregular shape causing many problems Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-8 Iron Metabolism Normally the body stores iron but women need to consume more iron than men. Why? Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-7 Red Blood Cells Live for about 120 days- old cells get broken at the spleen or cleared by macrophages Hemoglobin components are recycled- iron is reused to make new hemoglobin Remnants of heme groups – the other components are taken to the liver and become components of bile Bilirubin is excreted in bile and gives bile its green color Jaundice- yellowing of the skin, nail, and sclera in eyes due to elevated blood levels of bilirubin resulting form liver malfunction. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemostasis (not homeostasis) Keeps blood within blood vessels (hemorrhage does not) Requires: 1- vasoconstriction, 2- platelet plug formation, 3- blood coagulation (seal hole) Coagulation cascade results in formation of fibrin, a fiber mesh that stabilizes the platelet plug=clot Plasmin is an enzyme that dissolves the clot as the tissue heals A thrombus results from too much clot formation and can block a blood vessel Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Platelet Plug Formation Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-11 Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Diagram displays the mechanisms for restoring broken blood vessels Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Thrombin formation Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Cell growth and tissue repair Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin Clot dissolves Intact blood vessel wall Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-10 The Coagulation Cascade Intrinsic Pathway begins when collagen is exposed Extrinsic pathway is activated by damaged tissues Thrombin is need to created fibrinthe insoluble fibers create the clot. Positive feedback loops remain until a component is Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings consumed Figure 16-12 Coagulation and Fibrinolysis Clot formation is limited to prevent the entire blood content from coagulating. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-13 www.nlm.nih.gov gslc.genetics.utah.edu/.../ABObloodsystem.gif Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Types Antigens on RBCs A, B, AB or none (O) Antibodies in plasma Anti A, anti B, anti AB Rh antigens and antibodies Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings