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POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION
by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin
Additonal Text by J Padilla exclusive for physiology at ECC
UNIT 3
16
Blood
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN
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FOURTH EDITION
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Composition of Blood
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Figure 16-1 (1 of 2)
Cellular Elements
 Three main cellular elements
 Platelets split off from megakaryocyte
 Five types of mature white blood cells
 Monocytes develop into macrophages
 Tissue basophils are mast cells
 Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages are
known as phagocytes
 Lymphocytes are also called immunocytes
 Basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils are also
called granulocytes
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Composition of Blood
Found in lymphatic system, B& T-cells
Exit blood stream to become
macrophages & APC
Phagocyte for bacteria &
secretes cytokines (ex. signal
fever)
Phagocyte for parasites &
cytokines related to allergies
Mediate inflamation& allegies
via cytokine release (histamine)
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Figure 16-1 (2 of 2)
Hematopoiesis
Signaled by
erythropoeitin,
a hormone
released by the
kidneys in
response to low
O2,
Or by
thrombopoetin,
colonystimulating
factors,
interleukin, &
stem cell factor
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Figure 16-2
Focus on … Bone Marrow
Blood
production
in adults is
limited to
the axial
skeleton,
the
humerus,a
nd femur.
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Figure 16-4a
Focus on … Bone Marrow
Overall components of bone marrow include the stroma &
sinus capillary. Notice the platelet, RBC, and Neutrophil
formation (c)
Mature blood
cells squeeze
through the
endothelium to
reach the
circulation.
Platelets
Fragments of
megakaryocyte
break off to
become platelets.
Reticular cell
Stem
Mature
neutrophil
Reticular
fiber
cell
Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Venous
sinus
Stem cell
The stroma is
composed of
fibroblast-like
reticular cells,
collagenous fibers,
and extracellular
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matrix.
Macrophage
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Figure 16-4c
Erythrocytes
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Originate in bone marrow and as they
mature they expel their organelles before
entering the blood stream.
Most numerous component of formed
elements.
Contain no nucleus or organelles, instead
they are packed with hemoglobin.
There are three important characteristics
of red blood cells:
1. Their concave shape allows for 30%
more surface area for carrying oxygen.
2. 97% of their content is hemoglobin.
It is used for binding both oxygen &
CO2
3. They depend on anaerobic
respiration thus they do not consume
any oxygen
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Osmotic Changes to Red Blood Cells
Morphology of red blood cells can provide clues to the
presence of disease. Diagram shows cells in solutions
of different salt concentrations. However, some
disorders do are due to abnormal RBC shape.
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Figure 16-6
Sickled Red Blood Cells
A single
genetic
mutation error
in one amino
acids
produces a
proteins with
an irregular
shape causing
many
problems
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Figure 16-8
Iron Metabolism
Normally the body stores iron but women need to
consume more iron than men. Why?
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Figure 16-7
Red Blood Cells
 Live for about 120 days- old cells get broken at the
spleen or cleared by macrophages
 Hemoglobin components are recycled- iron is
reused to make new hemoglobin
 Remnants of heme groups – the other components
are taken to the liver and become components of bile
 Bilirubin is excreted in bile and gives bile its green
color
 Jaundice- yellowing of the skin, nail, and sclera in
eyes due to elevated blood levels of bilirubin
resulting form liver malfunction.
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Hemostasis (not homeostasis)
 Keeps blood within blood vessels (hemorrhage does
not)
 Requires: 1- vasoconstriction, 2- platelet plug
formation, 3- blood coagulation (seal hole)
 Coagulation cascade results in formation of fibrin, a
fiber mesh that stabilizes the platelet plug=clot
 Plasmin is an enzyme that dissolves the clot as the
tissue heals
 A thrombus results from too much clot formation and
can block a blood vessel
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Platelet Plug Formation
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Figure 16-11
Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Diagram
displays the
mechanisms for
restoring
broken blood
vessels
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Collagen
exposed
Tissue factor
exposed
Platelets
adhere and
release
platelet
factors
Vasoconstriction
Coagulation
cascade
Thrombin
formation
Platelets aggregate
into loose platelet
plug
Temporary
hemostasis
Reinforced
platelet plug (clot)
Cell growth and
tissue repair
Converts
fibrinogen
to fibrin
Fibrin slowly
dissolved by
plasmin
Clot dissolves
Intact blood
vessel wall
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Figure 16-10
The Coagulation Cascade
Intrinsic Pathway
begins when
collagen is
exposed
Extrinsic pathway
is activated by
damaged tissues
Thrombin is need
to created fibrinthe insoluble
fibers create the
clot.
Positive feedback
loops remain until
a component is
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consumed
Figure 16-12
Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
Clot formation is limited to prevent the
entire blood content from coagulating.
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Figure 16-13

www.nlm.nih.gov
gslc.genetics.utah.edu/.../ABObloodsystem.gif
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Blood Types
 Antigens on RBCs
 A, B, AB or none
(O)
 Antibodies in
plasma
 Anti A, anti B,
anti AB
 Rh antigens and
antibodies
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