Download Introduction, BIO 099 Review, & Chapter 1 ppt

Welcome
Welcome to BIO 203 Anatomy & Physiology I
Mrs. Wendy Rappazzo
Office A 214 (across from A&P Lab)
Textbook Features
 Important features of the textbook
 Learning Outcomes
 Illustrations and
Photos
 Pronunciation Guides
 Checkpoint Questions
 The A&P Top 100
 Tips & Tricks
 Clinical Notes
 Chain Link Icons
 End-of-Chapter Study
and Review Materials
 Systems Overview
Section
 System in Perspective
Summaries
 Colored Tabs
 End-of-Book
Reference Sections
Learning Supplements
 Supplements
 The InterActive Physiology® (IP) CD
 HCC Portal for Text & Supplemental Material
(very helpful)
 Get Ready for A&P! (available online)
 Atlas of the Human Body
 A&P Applications Manual
 Study Guide (optional)
 Faculty website:
Class & Lab Supplies
What do I need to bring?
● 2 – 3” 3 ring binder (recommended 1 binder
per unit) with extra paper
● pencils, pens, colored pencils
● index cards
● lab folder with prongs or binder
syllabus
Introduction
Study strategies crucial for success
 Come to class on time and take careful notes. If you wish,
you may record lecture to assist with note-taking. Do not
leave class early. If you must, let me know before class
begins, and sit in the back to avoid disrupting class
 Read the text and lab material PRIOR to the class it is being
discussed in.
 Re-write your notes as soon as possible after lecture. Take
time to study EVERY day.
 You will need to spend at least 2-4 hours on each chapter.
Plan to review notes/text for a minimum of one hour each
day.
Introduction
Study strategies crucial for success
 Develop the skill of memorization, and practice it regularly.
Visualize word associations.
 Ask questions if you do not understand a concept or
assignment. However, make sure your questions are
relevant to the topic. Do not monopolize class time with
questions. If you are having difficulty with the material
please see me during my office hours. If you have trouble
keeping up with notes- tape lecture.
Introduction
Study strategies crucial for success
 Learn what your learning style is and use techniques specific
to your learning style.
 Complete and submit all laboratory assignments on time.
 Use the “Interactive Physiology” CD-Rom that is packaged
with your text and the additional links and practice quizzes
from my website.
 Mastering A and P website & links from my webpage for
additional animations/tutoring/practice.
 Attend group tutoring, if you cannot attend, use the walk-in
services or arrange for a private tutor. Form study groups
with others in your lab group/class.
Introduction
Study strategies crucial for success
 Do not leave lab early. You should use any extra time at the
end of lab to study models, slides and ADAM photos.

Turn off all pagers, cell phones, etc. during lecture. You
may have them set to “vibrate” during laboratory. Failure to
comply will result in your removal from the classroom.
 Please do not have discussions during lecture time. You
may ask me questions on material but do not have side
conversations. This creates problems in the lecture room. It
is very distracting to everyone.
Introduction
Study strategies crucial for success
Talk to me – I want to you to succeed in this class.
I cannot help if you do not see me, ask me
questions, and let me know how I can help. I even
have candy in my office!
Chemistry & Cell Review
Concepts from
BIO 099
BIO 099 Chemistry Review
 Chemistry Review
Elements of the Human Body
Elements of the Human Body
Elements of the Human Body
Elements of the Human Body
Chemistry Review
Inorganic
Organic
Water
CHO
Electrolytes
Lipids
Acids/Bases
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
pH and Homeostasis
 pH
 The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
 pH Scale: 0 - 14
 A balance of H+ and OH—
 Pure water = 7.0
< 7 = acidic
> 7 = alkaline
 pH of human blood
 Ranges from 7.35 to 7.45
pH and Homeostasis
 pH Scale
 Has an inverse relationship with H+
concentration
 More H+ ions mean lower pH, less H+ ions mean
higher pH
pH and Homeostasis
FIGURE 2–9 pH and Hydrogen Ion Concentration.
Carbohydrates
Important Concepts:
We only burn glucose for fuel –
Glycogen is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles
Glycogenesis: making glycogen from glucose
Glycogenolysis: breaking glycogen down into glucose
Gluconeogenesis: making glucose from amino acids &
glycerol
Lipids
Important Concepts:
Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated
Unsaturated can be omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids – important health
implications
Fatty acids & Glycerol are the preferred fuel source for many tissues.
Proteins
 Proteins are the most abundant and
important organic molecules
 Contain basic elements : C,H,O and N
 Basic building blocks
 20 amino acids: essential vs. nonessential
Proteins
 Seven major protein functions
 Support
 Structural proteins
 Movement
 Contractile proteins
 Transport
 Transport (carrier)
proteins
 Buffering
 Regulation of pH
 Metabolic regulation
 Enzymes
 Coordination and
control
 Hormones
 Defense
 Antibodies
Proteins
Enzymes are catalysts
 Proteins that are not changed or used up in the
reaction
– specific — will only work on limited types of substrates
– limited — by their saturation
– regulated — by other cellular chemicals
Nucleic Acids
 Nucleic acids are large organic molecules, found
in the nucleus, which store and process
information at the molecular level
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
 Codes for every protein
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
 Important for protein synthesis
Nucleic Acids
 DNA is double stranded,
twisting helix.
 RNA is single stranded
 Complementary base
pairs
 DNA: A:T, C:G
 RNA: Uracil (U) replaces
thymine (T) A:U, C:G
ATP
 Nucleotides can be used to
store energy
 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
-Two phosphate groups; di- = 2
 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Three phosphate groups; tri- = 3
 ADP + P ↔ATP + E
 ATPase : The enzyme that catalyzes
phosphorylation (the addition of a
high-energy phosphate group to a
molecule)
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Chemicals Form Cells
A Review of Cells
 Cell surrounded by a watery
medium known as the extracellular
fluid (interstitial fluid)
 Plasma membrane separates
cytoplasm from the ECF
 Cytoplasm - Cytosol = liquid
-contains organelles
BioFlix Tour of Animal Cell
Organelles and the Cytoplasm
 Cytosol (fluid)
 Dissolved materials:
– nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products
 High potassium/low sodium
 High protein
 High carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat
 Organelles
 Structures with specific functions
Organelles Review
Organelles Review
Mitochondria
Aerobic metabolism (cellular
respiration)
 Mitochondria use O2 to break down
food and produce ATP
 G + O2 + ADP  CO2 + H2O + ATP
Glycolysis:
glucose to pyruvic acid
net gain 2 ATP
when anaerobic= lactic acid
Transition Reaction:
pyruvic acid to acetyl Co-A
Mitochondria
Aerobic metabolism (cellular
respiration)
 Mitochondria use O2 to break down
food and produce ATP
 G + O2 + ADP  CO2 + H2O + ATP
Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA or Krebs
cycle):
– Acetyl CoA to CO2 (in matrix) & reduced
coenzymes
Electron transport chain
– inner mitochondrial membrane
H+ ions used to make ATP
The Nucleus
DNA
 Instructions for every protein in
the body
 Gene
 DNA instructions for one protein
 Genetic code
 The chemical language of DNA
instructions:
– sequence of bases (A, T, C, G)
 Triplet code:
– 3 bases = 1 amino acid
Cell Differentiation
 All cells carry complete DNA instructions for all
body functions
 Cells specialize or differentiate
 To form tissues (liver cells, fat cells, and neurons)
 By turning off all genes not needed by that cell
 All body cells, except sex cells, contain the same
46 chromosomes
 Differentiation depends on which genes are
active and which are inactive
Protein Synthesis
 The Role of Gene Activation in Protein
Synthesis
 The nucleus contains chromosomes
 Chromosomes contain DNA
 DNA stores genetic instructions for proteins
 Proteins determine cell structure and function
Protein Synthesis
 Transcription
 Copies instructions from DNA to mRNA (in nucleus)
 Translation
 Ribosome reads code from mRNA (in cytoplasm)
 Assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain
 Processing
 By RER and Golgi apparatus produce protein
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
Physical Barrier
Regulates exchange
 Ions and nutrients enter
 Wastes eliminated and
cellular products released
Monitors the environment
 Extracellular fluid
composition
 Chemical signals
Structural support
 Anchors cells and tissues
Membrane Transport
 The plasma (cell) membrane is a barrier, but
 Nutrients must get in
 Products and wastes must get out
 Permeability determines what moves in and out of a
cell, and a membrane that
 Lets nothing in or out is impermeable
 Lets anything pass is freely permeable
 Restricts movement is selectively permeable
Membrane Transport
 Plasma membrane is selectively permeable
 Allows some materials to move freely
 Restricts other materials
 Selective permeability restricts materials based
on
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Size
Electrical charge
Molecular shape
Lipid solubility
Membrane permeability
Diffusion
 Diffusion is a Function of the Concentration
Gradient & Kinetic Energy
 Solutes move down a concentration gradient until?
Factors Affecting Diffusion
 Distance the particle has to move
 Molecule size
 Temperature
 Gradient size
 Electrical forces
Tonicity
 A cell in a hypotonic
solution:
 Gains water
 Ruptures (hemolysis of red
blood cells)
 A cell in a hypertonic
solution:
 Loses water
 Shrinks (crenation of red
blood cells)
Filtration
Movement of molecules due to a pressure
gradient (net filtration pressure)
Osmotic Pressure: pressure which holds
water (absorption): in blood mainly
due to plasma proteins
Hydrostatic Pressure: pressure which
pushes molecules out of blood
(filtration)
Tonicity
 A cell in a hypotonic
solution:
 Gains water
 Ruptures (hemolysis of red
blood cells)
 A cell in a hypertonic
solution:
 Loses water
 Shrinks (crenation of red
blood cells)
Carriers and Vesicles
 Carrier-Mediated
Transport
 Facilitated diffusion
 Specificity
 Saturation limits
 Regulation
Carriers and Vesicles
 Carrier-Mediated Transport
 Cotransport
 Two substances move in the same direction at the
same time
 Countertransport
 One substance moves in while another moves out
Carriers and Vesicles
Carrier-Mediated Transport
 Active transport
 Active transport proteins:
– move substrates against concentration gradient
– require energy, such as ATP
– ion pumps move ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)
– exchange pump countertransports two ions at the same
time
Carriers and Vesicles
Active transport
Sodium-potassium
exchange pump
sodium ions (Na+) out,
potassium ions (K+) in
-1 ATP moves 3 Na+ and 2 K+
Carriers and Vesicles
Active transport Secondary active transport
– Na+ concentration gradient drives
glucose transport
– ATP energy pumps Na+ back out
Carriers and Vesicles
Vesicular Transport (or bulk transport)
 Materials move into or out of cell in vesicles
 Endocytosis (endo- = inside) is active transport using ATP:
– receptor mediated
– pinocytosis
– phagocytosis
 Exocytosis (exo- = outside)
– Granules or droplets are released from the cell
Carriers and Vesicles
Endocytosis
 Receptor-mediated endocytosis:
 Receptors (glycoproteins) bind target molecules (ligands)
 Coated vesicle (endosome) carries ligands and receptors
into the cell
Carriers and Vesicles
Endocytosis
 Pinocytosis
 Endosomes “drink” extracellular fluid
 Phagocytosis
 Pseudopodia (psuedo- = false, pod- = foot)
 Engulf large objects in phagosomes
Carriers and
Vesicles
Figure 3–22 Phagocytosis.
Carriers and Vesicles
Exocytosis
 Is the reverse of endocytosis
 Secretion
Transmembrane Potential
 Interior of plasma membrane is slightly negative,
outside is slightly positive
 Unequal charge across the plasma membrane is
transmembrane potential or RMP
 Resting potential ranges from –10 mV to
–100 mV, depending on cell type
Transmembrane Potential
 Determined mainly by the unequal distribution of
Na+ & K+
 The cell's interior has a greater concent. of K+
and the outside has a greater concent. of Na+
 At rest the plasma membrane is relatively
impermeable to Na+ and freely permeable to K+
Transmembrane Potential
The cell has 2 types of channels:
1.) Passive (leaky)
2.) Gated
RMP animation (NS I: membrane potential page 12/16)
Transmembrane Potential
 More K + diffuses out
of the cell than Na +
diffuses into the cell
 Results in a loss of +
charges from the cell
= negative RMP
Cell is polarized.
Transmembrane Potential
If too much K+ left the cell it
would become too
negative = hyperpolarize.
If Na + was allowed to
accumulate inside the cell
it would become less
negative (more positive)
or depolarize.
Entrance of Na + into the cell
would change the tonicity
of the cell.
Transmembrane Potential
The Na + -K +
pump functions to
maintain the
osmotic balance
& membrane
voltage
Transmembrane Potential
When stimulus
applied:
Gated Na+
channels open =
depolarization
Gated K+
channels open so
K+ leaves =
repolarization
Cell Division
Mitosis and Cancer
Mitosis and Cancer
Mitosis and Cancer
Introduction
 Anatomy and physiology
affect your life everyday
 Anatomy is the oldest
medical science
 1600 B.C.
Medical Terminology
 Medical terminology for the layman:
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ARTERY -- The study of fine painting
BARIUM -- What you do when a patient dies
BENIGN -- What you are after you are eight
CESAREAN SECTION -- A district in Rome
CONGENITAL -- Friendly
DILATE -- To live long
FESTER -- Quicker
G. I. SERIES -- Baseball game between soldiers
MINOR OPERATION -- Coal digging
MORBID -- A higher offer
NITRATE -- Lower than a day rate
NODE -- Was aware of
OUT PATIENT -- A person who has fainted
POST-OPERATIVE -- A letter carrier
PROTEIN -- In favor of young people
SECRETION -- Hiding anything
SEROLOGY -- Study of English Knighthood
TUMOR -- An extra pair
URINE -- Opposite of you're out
VARICOSE VEINS -- Veins very close together
Medical Terminology
Roots: adipos (fat), arthros (joint), chrondros
(cartilage)
Prefixes: a- (without), intra- (within), peri- (around)
Suffices: -blast (precursor, immature),
-itis (inflammation), -algia (pain)
i.e.: pathology: prefix = disease
suffix: ology= study of
Pathology – the study of disease
Structure and Function
 Anatomy
 Describes the structures of the body
 What they are made of
 Where they are located
 Associated structures
 Physiology
 Is the study of
 Functions of anatomical structures
 Individual and cooperative functions
Anatomy and Physiology Integrated
 Anatomy
 Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy,
examines large, visible structures
 Surface anatomy: exterior features
 Regional anatomy: body areas
 Systemic anatomy: groups of organs working
together.
Anatomy and Physiology Integrated
 Anatomy
 Microscopic anatomy examines cells and
molecules
 Cytology: study of cells and their structures
• cyt- = cell
 Histology: study of tissues and their structures
 Microbiology: study of microbes
Anatomy and Physiology Integrated
 Physiology
 Cell physiology: processes within and
between cells
 Organ physiology: functions of specific
organs
 Systemic physiology: functions of an organ
system
 Pathological physiology: effects of diseases
Levels of Organization
.
The Chemical (or
Molecular) Level
 Atoms are the smallest
chemical units
 Molecules are a group of
atoms working together
The Cellular Level
 Cells are a group of
atoms, molecules, and
organelles working
together
Levels of Organization
The Tissue Level
Tissues are a group
of similar cells
working together
The Organ Level
 An organ is a group of
different tissues
working together
Levels of Organization
 The Organ System
Level
 Organ systems are a
group of organs working
together
 Humans have 11 organ
systems
 The Organism Level
 A human is an organism
Homeostasis
 Homeostasis: all body systems working
together to maintain a stable internal
environment
 Systems respond to external and internal
changes to function within a normal range.
 Disease occurs when body cannot maintain
homeostasis.
Homeostasis
 Mechanisms of Regulation
 Autoregulation (intrinsic)
 Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some
environmental change
 Extrinsic regulation
 Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
Homeostatic Regulation
 Involves:
1.) receptor: responds to stimulus
2.) control center – processes info
3.) effector – carries out the command
Negative Feedback
The response of the effector
negates the stimulus
Body is brought back
into homeostasis
Normal range is
maintained.
Negative Feedback
Homeostasis Animation
Positive Feedback
The response of the
effector increases
change of the
stimulus
Body is moved away
from homeostasis
Normal range is lost
Used to speed up
processes
Positive Feedback
Positive Feedback
Labor & Delivery
Oxytocin
Released
Uterus
Contracts
Systems Integration
Anatomical Terminology
 Superficial Anatomy: at or near the body
surface
 Anatomical position: hands at sides,
palms forward
 Supine: lying down, face up
 Prone: lying down, face down
Anatomical Terminology
 Superficial Anatomy
 Anatomical Landmarks
 References to palpable structures
 Anatomical Regions
 Body regions
 Abdominopelvic quadrants
 Abdominopelvic regions
 Anatomical Directions
 Reference terms based on subject
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
FIGURE 1–7 Abdominopelvic Quadrants.
Anatomical Terminology
FIGURE 1–7 Abdominopelvic Regions.
Anatomical Terminology
FIGURE 1–7 Abdominopelvic Relationships.
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
 Sectional Anatomy
 Planes and sections
 Plane: a three-dimensional axis
 Section: a slice parallel to a plane
 Used to visualize internal organization and
structure
 Important in radiological techniques
– MRI
– PET
– CT
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
Body Cavities
 Body cavities have two essential functions
 Protect organs from accidental shocks
 Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs
 Two Main Body Cavities: Dorsal & Ventral
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
FIGURE 1–11 The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions.
Body Cavities
FIGURE 1–11 The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions.
Body Cavities
 The Abdominopelvic Cavity
 Abdominal cavity — superior portion
 Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones
 Contains digestive organs
Body Cavities
 The Abdominopelvic Cavity
 Pelvic cavity — inferior portion
 Within pelvic bones
 Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder
Body Cavities
 The Abdominopelvic Cavity
 Peritoneal cavity — chamber within
abdominopelvic cavity
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
 Serous membranes
 Line body cavities and cover organs
 Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer
 Parietal layer — lines cavity
 Visceral layer — covers organ
 Fluid: lubricates, reduces friction
– Named for cavity: pleural fluid
Body Cavities
Serous Membranes of the Heart
Body Cavities
Where would you find the:
Parietal pleura?
Visceral pericardium?
Parietal peritoneum?
Body Cavities
Mesenteries: fatty tissue
anchors & supports organs
-greater omentum
Retroperitoneal: posterior to
the peritoneal cavity