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Welcome to BIOL 241!
Tonight’s handouts:
• Syllabus
• These slides (you will usually print these yourself)
• Worksheet (later)
Tonight’s agenda:
• Go over syllabus
• Peek at course website
• Chapter 1 of textbook
• Introductory lab stuff
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Chapter 1
An Introduction to
Anatomy and
Physiology
Lecture Presentation by
Lee Ann Frederick
University of Texas at Arlington
(heavily modified by GJC)
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Overviews
page xi
page 1
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1-2 Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy
• Describes the structures of the body
• What they are made of
• Where they are located
• Associated structures
• Physiology
• Is the study of:
• Functions of anatomical structures
• Individual and cooperative functions
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A&P: “Form Follows Function”
Example:
skeletal muscle cells vs. cardiac muscle cells
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1-4 Levels of Organization
Cellular Level
Chemical Level
Protein filaments
Atoms in combination
Heart muscle
cell
Complex protein molecule
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1-4 Levels of Organization
Tissue Level
Cardiac muscle
tissue
Organ Level
Organ system
level
Organism
level
The heart
The
cardiovascular
system
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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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1-4 Levels of Organization
• The Organ Systems
• Integumentary
• Major Organs
•
•
•
•
Skin
Hair
Sweat glands
Nails
• Functions
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1-4 Levels of Organization
• The Organ Systems
• Skeletal
• Major Organs
•
•
•
•
Bones
Cartilages
Associated ligaments
Bone marrow
• Functions
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1-4 Levels of Organization
• The Organ Systems
• Muscular
• Major Organs
• Skeletal muscles and associated
tendons
• Functions
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1-4 Levels of Organization
• The Organ Systems
• Nervous
• Major Organs
•
•
•
•
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Sense organs
• Functions
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1-5 Homeostasis
• “Homeo” =
• Homeostasis =
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1-5 Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
• Example: blindfolded book balancing
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1-6 Homeostasis and Negative Feedback:
General Model
S. Freeman et al., Biological Science
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Figure 1-3 Negative Feedback: Control of Body Temperature.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Regulated variables
(regulated by negative feedback)
• Joint position
• Body temperature
• What else?
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Review Question #29
• Which of the following is NOT an example of
negative feedback?
(A) Increased pressure in the aorta triggers
mechanisms to lower blood pressure
(B) A rise in blood calcium levels triggers the
release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium
levels
(C) A rise in estrogen during the menstrual cycle
increases the number of progesterone receptors in
the uterus
(D) Increased blood sugar stimulates the release of
a hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the
liver to store blood sugar
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Review Question #30
• The hormone calcitonin is released from the
thyroid gland in response to increased levels of
calcium in the blood. If this hormone is controlled
by negative feedback, it would ______ blood
calcium levels.
• raise
• lower
• not affect
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1-7 Anatomical Terminology
• Superficial Anatomy
• Anatomical landmarks
• References to palpable structures
practice
worksheet
• Anatomical regions
• Abdominopelvic quadrants
• Abdominopelvic regions
• Anatomical directions
• Reference terms based on subject
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1-7 Anatomical Terminology
• Anatomical Landmarks
• Anatomical position:
• Supine:
• Prone:
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1-7 Anatomical Terminology: Worksheet
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Figure 1-6a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions.
a Abdominopelvic quadrants.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1-6b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions.
Right
hypochondriac
region
Right lumbar
region
Right
inguinal
region
Epigastric
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Umbilical
region
Left lumbar
region
Hypogastric
(pubic)
region
Left inguinal
region
b Abdominopelvic regions. The nine abdominopelvic
regions provide more precise regional descriptions.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1-6c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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1-7 Anatomical Terminology: Directions
• Superior vs. __________________
• Proximal vs. __________________
• Lateral vs.
__________________
• Deep vs.
__________________
• Anterior vs. __________________
• Caudal vs.
__________________
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1-7 Anatomical Terminology
• Sectional Anatomy
• Planes and sections
• Plane: a three-dimensional axis
• Section: a slice parallel to a plane
• Used to visualize internal organization and
structure
• Important in scanning techniques
• MRI
• PET
• CT
Figure 1-10
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Figure 1-8 Sectional Planes.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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1-7 Anatomical Terminology: Planes
Online melody playback:
http://www.noteflight.com/scores/view/fd6e2cc14942c6621a1c779396672e2de42af504
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Review Question #21
• A plane through the body that passes
perpendicular to the long axis of the body and
divides the body into a superior and an inferior
section is a
•
•
•
•
Sagittal section
Transverse section
Coronal section
Frontal section
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1-8 Body Cavities
• Essential Functions of Body Cavities:
• Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom)
• Divided by the _______ into ________ & ________
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1-8 Body Cavities
• Serous Membranes
• Line body cavities and cover organs
• Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer
• Parietal layer — lines cavity
• Visceral layer — covers organ
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1-8 Body Cavities
• The Thoracic Cavity
• Right and left pleural cavities
• Contain right and left lungs
• Mediastinum
• Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea,
esophagus, and thymus
• Lower portion contains pericardial cavity
• The heart is located within the pericardial cavity
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Figure 1-9a Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Body Cavities of the Trunk.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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1-8 Body Cavities: Hernias!
• What is a hernia?
• “Weird Al” Yankovic: “Living with a Hernia” (1986)
• Video: youtube.com/watch?v=X8Ow1nlafOg
• Where do Al’s favorite hernias occur?
Al’s head drawn by weird-kid1.deviantart.com
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