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Welcome to BIOL 241! Tonight’s handouts: • Syllabus • These slides (you will usually print these yourself) • Worksheet (later) Tonight’s agenda: • Go over syllabus • Peek at course website • Chapter 1 of textbook • Introductory lab stuff 1 Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Presentation by Lee Ann Frederick University of Texas at Arlington (heavily modified by GJC) 2 Overviews page xi page 1 3 4 1-2 Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy • Describes the structures of the body • What they are made of • Where they are located • Associated structures • Physiology • Is the study of: • Functions of anatomical structures • Individual and cooperative functions 5 A&P: “Form Follows Function” Example: skeletal muscle cells vs. cardiac muscle cells 6 1-4 Levels of Organization Cellular Level Chemical Level Protein filaments Atoms in combination Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule 7 1-4 Levels of Organization Tissue Level Cardiac muscle tissue Organ Level Organ system level Organism level The heart The cardiovascular system 8 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 1-4 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Integumentary • Major Organs • • • • Skin Hair Sweat glands Nails • Functions 10 1-4 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Skeletal • Major Organs • • • • Bones Cartilages Associated ligaments Bone marrow • Functions 11 1-4 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Muscular • Major Organs • Skeletal muscles and associated tendons • Functions 12 1-4 Levels of Organization • The Organ Systems • Nervous • Major Organs • • • • Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nerves Sense organs • Functions 13 1-5 Homeostasis • “Homeo” = • Homeostasis = 14 1-5 Homeostasis and Negative Feedback • Example: blindfolded book balancing 15 1-6 Homeostasis and Negative Feedback: General Model S. Freeman et al., Biological Science 16 Figure 1-3 Negative Feedback: Control of Body Temperature. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Regulated variables (regulated by negative feedback) • Joint position • Body temperature • What else? 18 Review Question #29 • Which of the following is NOT an example of negative feedback? (A) Increased pressure in the aorta triggers mechanisms to lower blood pressure (B) A rise in blood calcium levels triggers the release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels (C) A rise in estrogen during the menstrual cycle increases the number of progesterone receptors in the uterus (D) Increased blood sugar stimulates the release of a hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to store blood sugar 19 Review Question #30 • The hormone calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland in response to increased levels of calcium in the blood. If this hormone is controlled by negative feedback, it would ______ blood calcium levels. • raise • lower • not affect 20 1-7 Anatomical Terminology • Superficial Anatomy • Anatomical landmarks • References to palpable structures practice worksheet • Anatomical regions • Abdominopelvic quadrants • Abdominopelvic regions • Anatomical directions • Reference terms based on subject 21 1-7 Anatomical Terminology • Anatomical Landmarks • Anatomical position: • Supine: • Prone: 22 1-7 Anatomical Terminology: Worksheet 23 Figure 1-6a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions. a Abdominopelvic quadrants. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Figure 1-6b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions. Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right inguinal region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Hypogastric (pubic) region Left inguinal region b Abdominopelvic regions. The nine abdominopelvic regions provide more precise regional descriptions. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 25 Figure 1-6c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 1-7 Anatomical Terminology: Directions • Superior vs. __________________ • Proximal vs. __________________ • Lateral vs. __________________ • Deep vs. __________________ • Anterior vs. __________________ • Caudal vs. __________________ 27 1-7 Anatomical Terminology • Sectional Anatomy • Planes and sections • Plane: a three-dimensional axis • Section: a slice parallel to a plane • Used to visualize internal organization and structure • Important in scanning techniques • MRI • PET • CT Figure 1-10 28 Figure 1-8 Sectional Planes. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 29 1-7 Anatomical Terminology: Planes Online melody playback: http://www.noteflight.com/scores/view/fd6e2cc14942c6621a1c779396672e2de42af504 30 Review Question #21 • A plane through the body that passes perpendicular to the long axis of the body and divides the body into a superior and an inferior section is a • • • • Sagittal section Transverse section Coronal section Frontal section 31 1-8 Body Cavities • Essential Functions of Body Cavities: • Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom) • Divided by the _______ into ________ & ________ 32 1-8 Body Cavities • Serous Membranes • Line body cavities and cover organs • Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer • Parietal layer — lines cavity • Visceral layer — covers organ 33 1-8 Body Cavities • The Thoracic Cavity • Right and left pleural cavities • Contain right and left lungs • Mediastinum • Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus • Lower portion contains pericardial cavity • The heart is located within the pericardial cavity 34 Figure 1-9a Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Body Cavities of the Trunk. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 35 1-8 Body Cavities: Hernias! • What is a hernia? • “Weird Al” Yankovic: “Living with a Hernia” (1986) • Video: youtube.com/watch?v=X8Ow1nlafOg • Where do Al’s favorite hernias occur? Al’s head drawn by weird-kid1.deviantart.com 36