Download Macromolecules Notes - Liberty Union High School District

Macromolecules
in Biology
(also known as
biomolecules)
Chapter 2
Biomolecules Vocabulary
• Atom: smallest unit of matter (not alive)
– Most biomolecules are made of these atoms:
• Carbon (C)
• Hydrogen (H)
• Oxygen (O)
• Nitrogen (N)
• Phosphorus (P)
• Molecule: group of atoms bonded together
Examples: Water (H2O) and Salt (NaCl)
are common molecules
• Organic compounds: these are molecules
that contain carbon (C)
– biomolecules are organic compounds
Fat (lipids)
Sugar (carbohydrates)
Amino acid (proteins)
• Monomer: simple molecules that link up
to form a bigger compound (polymer)
(It is kind of like one link in a chain.)
• Polymer: molecules of many repeating units
3 monomers
Polymer
• Macromolecules: large polymers
• Biomolecules:
organic
molecules needed
for life
– Proteins
– Nucleic Acids
(DNA and RNA)
– Carbohydrates
(sugars)
– Lipids (Fats)
Pair Share
• Which molecule is an organic
compound?
– H2O
– NaCl
– C6H12O2
– O2
• How can you tell?
• Function: Used by all cells for energy and
used by plants for structure.
• Structure: Includes all sugars, from simple
sugars to complex polymer sugars.
• Energy is stored in the bonds between
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbohydrates
Types of Carbohydrates
• 1. Monosaccharides: One ring sugar (simple
sugar)
– Ex : Glucose
, fructose
• 2. Disaccharides: Two ring sugars
– Sucrose (table sugar)= glucose + fructose
– Maltose (beer sugar) = glucose + glucose
Carbohydrates
• 3. Polysaccharides: Many Ring sugars
– Starch: stores energy in plants.
– Glycogen: stores energy in animals.
– Cellulose: gives plant structural support.
A few examples of polysaccharides:
Starch – found in the potato
Glycogen – found in
human muscles & in
the liver.
Cellulose – another form of plant
polysaccharide. Humans cannot digest it!
Cellulose = dietary fiber. Helps “scrub” out your digestive tract.
Pair Share
• What type of carbohydrate is the
single-ring sugar called glucose:
– Monosaccharide?
– Disaccharide?
– Polysaccharide?
Lipids
Structure:
Functions:
• Glycerol + 3 fatty
– Part of cell
acid molecules bonded
membrane
together
(phospholipid)
•Large molecule
– energy storage
(not a polymer)
–
to
cushion
organs
•A fatty acid is lots
– insulation
of carbons bonded
to hydrogens.
Lipid Structure
Fatty Acid
Glycerol
This lipid has 3 glycerols and their fatty acids bonded together
A few examples of
dietary fats:
(don’t copy this slide)
Unsaturated fats
are found in many
plant products,
such as olive and
canola oils, nuts,
avocadoes, and
also found in fish.
Saturated fats should
be eaten in
moderation, since they
can lead to cholesterol
build-up and heart
disease.
Pair Share
• What is the most important function of a
lipid?
Proteins
Structure: A chain of amino acids
– also called polypeptides.
– different proteins have different sequences and
amounts of amino acids
• Functions:
– Creates skin, muscle, hair, teeth, bone & other body
structures
– Help transport materials from cell to cell
– Allows cells to signal each other
– Used in immune system defense
– Enzymes
•
Protein
structure is
based on the
sequence of
amino acids.
Pair Share
• Why is a protein an example of a
macromolecule?
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic Acids – DNA , RNA
– Structure – polymer is made up of nucleotide
monomers
• Nucleotide
– Function
• Makes up the genetic code; provides instructions for
making proteins.
DNA Polymer
Pair Share
• Why are DNA and RNA examples of
macromolecules?
Pair Share
• In your own words, define macromolecule.
Copy this dichotomous key to quickly identify
biomolecules.
Does it have a ring
structure in its main
chain?
Biomolecule Crash
Course Video
(14 min.)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2
KENlK0