Download Motor neurons

AP Psychology Exam 1: 12-13
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A
AP Psychology Exam 1: 13-14
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Side by side comparison
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2012-2013
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2013-2014
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Stats: Unit 1 Exam
• 100% of students who came on his or her own time
to ask questions earned a B or higher on the test
– What is the extraneous variable here? Is this
cause/effect?
• 94.6% of students who got 7/7 for RQ earned a B or
higher on the test
• 98.7% of students who failed RQ earned a D or
lower on the test
– What correlations can you make? Are they positive or
negative?
• How will you personally be able to work against the
extraneous variable from the first bullet if you were
not successful on this test?
Where do we go from here…
•
Let’s make a deal…
1. Conference
2. Study
3. Improve
•
Drop this test if improved by 2 letter grades
(or B to an A)
most missed questions
A negative correlation between degree of wealth and
likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder
would indicate that
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Poverty makes people vulnerable to psychological disorders
The poor are more likely to have a psychological disorder than
the wealthy
Psychological disorders usually prevent people from
accumulating wealth
Poverty causes vulnerability to psychological disorders
All the above are true
Cont’d
Alexandra is told that research supports the value of
cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is
told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic
surgery has been refuted by research. Both women
would consider the findings to be common sense. This
best illustrates the power of
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Random sampling
The false consensus effect
The hindsight bias
Illusory correlation
Confirmation bias
Neurons:
• Sensory neurons
- afferent
• Motor neurons
- efferent
• Interneurons
The Neuron: the basic building block (cell)
of the nervous system.
• Neurons are composed of the following
parts:
– Axon
– Soma/Cell Body
– Dendrite
– Myelin sheath
– Terminal Branches
– Terminal Buttons
– Synapse
– Post synaptic Dendrite
– Glial cells
Neuron Parts continued
–Synapse-space between neurons.
• Aka Synaptic Gap/Cleft or Nodes of
Ranvier
–Action Potential- electrical charge
that runs through the neuron
caused by depolarization of the
neuron.
All or None Law: Like firing a gun
• Neuron will fire or it won’t – there is no
between
– Squeezing a trigger hard or soft?
– Turning on a light switch slow or fast?
Neurotransmitters
• Neurotransmitters can be excitatory or
inhibitory:
– Agonists excite,
– Antagonists inhibit
• Endorphins block
• Heroin tolerance and withdrawal
\
Acetylcholine (ACh)
• Released by motor neurons
• Regulation of attention, arousal, and
memory
• Enables muscle action, memory and
learning
• Lack of Ach creating neurons =
Alzheimer’s
Dopamine (DA)
• Control of voluntary movement
• Cocaine and amphetamines elevate
activity at DA synapses
• “reward pathway”
• Too little = Parkinson’s
• Too much = Schizophrenic disorders,
addictive disorders
Norepinephrine (NE)
• Mood and arousal
• Cocaine and amphetamines elevate
activity at NE synapses
• Too little = depression
Serotonin
• Regulation of sleep and wakefulness,
aggression
• Prozac and antidepressant drugs affect
serotonin circuits
• Too little = depressive disorders
GABA or gamma-aminobutryic acid
• Inhibitory transmitter
• Regulates anxiety, sleep/arousal
• Too little = insomnia, anxiety disorders
Glutamate
• Widely distributed excitatory transmitter
• Learning and memory
• Too much = migraines or seizures
– Why do people avoid MSG?
Endorphins
•
•
•
•
Resembles opiates in structure and effects
Roles in pain relief and response to stress
Regulation of eating behavior
“Runner’s High”
Monoamines
• 3 neurotransmitters
– Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
GABA and Glutumate
• Consist of amino acids
– GABA - produces only inhibitory postsynaptic
potentials (PSP)
– Glutamate – widely distributed in the brain,
only has excitatory effects
MAOI’s
• Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
• Antidepressants used to treat depression,
anxiety, etc
SSRI Antidepressants
• Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitor
• Anti depressant drugs (and some other
illegal drugs like cocaine)
– block the reuptake of neurotransmitters,
keeping in the synapse longer,
– intensifying their activity.
– For some depressed people that elevates
their mood.
Opiod peptides and Substance
P
• Among those peptides known to affect
synaptic transmission are substance P
and the opioid peptides.
• The best-studied are the opioid peptides,
so called because opiate drugs, such as
morphine, are known to bind to their
receptors and mimic their painkilling and
mood-altering actions.
END OF DAY 1