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Transcript
Classification of All Living Things Chapter 18 Classification Every New species discovered has to be classified with organisms that have similar characteristics We group organisms that are similar Taxonomy 1. 2. 3. This is the branch of biology that involves naming organisms Aristotle a Greek philosopher was the 1st person to group organisms. He had 3 groups Land Dwellers Water Dwellers Air Dwellers Taxonomy cont. This system wasn’t adequate for modern science, especially with the discovery of so many new species Carolus Linnaus (1707-1778) from Sweden devised our current system He used an organisms form and structure to categorize it (morphology) Linnaeus’s Hierarchy He used 7 levels of organization 1. Kingdom (largest) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Levels There are several species in a Genus, and several Genus in a Family. This continues up the levels Copy the hierarchy for the bobcat and lion on page 338 Scientific Name 1. 2. 3. 4. This is the Genus and Species of an organism This two part system is called binomial nomenclature Remember the rules Capitalize the genus Lower case species Underline or italics both Use Latin terms to describe Varieties Sometimes the same genus and species may have a slight variation so we add a subspecies name to it Peaches and Nectarines are varieties of the Peach Tree Terrapene carolina triungui is a variety of the eastern box turtle Phylogeny Scientists look at the morphology or characteristics of organisms to group them A field of biology is dedicated to grouping living things by DNA, morphology, # of chromosomes and amino acid sequences Another term for this study is systematics What to look for Scientists studying in this fields look at the fossil record, as well physical and molecular characteristics of modern day life A base is necessary to determine the start of many of these formations The fossil record is the best place to start Phylogenetic Tree A phylogenetic tree shows the relatedness of organisms. They start with common ancestors and work up. They divide at any point a new characteristic is formed What can we tell Both karyotypes are similar in number of paired chromosomes Size and shape of chromosomes is close These two organisms are closely related What are they? Cladistics Cladistics is a new form of phylogenetic classification Here we look at what are called shared derived characters A derived character may be hair, feathers, warm blooded Cladogram Create your own cladogram (not in class) Here is a list of animals Create a cladogram of simple characters from the 2nd list Hand in as homework after Easter Break List of animals 1. 7. Shark Fish Turtle Kangaroo Human Frog Snake List of characters 1. Has bones Vertebrate Primarily Land Dweller Hair Has a placenta Lungs 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 6 Kingdom System of Classification There are presently 6 kingdoms and they are as follows: 1. Archaebacteria Eubacteria Proista Fungi Plantae Animalia 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Archaebacteria One celled organisms No bound organelles or nucleus (prokaryote) Produce methane as a waste product Sulfurous hot springs are an example Many make their own food (autotrophic) Eubacteria Eu means true One celled prokaryotes These effect humans everyday Some cause tooth decay, some food poisoning Protista Eukaryotic single celled organisms There are multi-celled protists like Giant Kelp Contains all the eukaryotes tha are not fungi, plants, or animals (about 50,000 species) Amoeba’s and Euglena are examples Fungi 100,000 species including mushrooms, rusts, mildews, and molds Most reproduce with spores Heterotrphs (absorb nutrients) Plants Most use photosynthesis to obtain food Most live on land 350,000 species Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants Animals Most have symmetrical body organization Most reproduce by meiosis Three-Domain System Bacteria is one Archaea is another All Eukaryotes are the last (includes protists, plants, fungi and anmals)