Download Chapter 17

CLASSIFICATION
SO, WHAT’S THE BIG DEAL
ABOUT NAMING THINGS?
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TOO MANY COMMON NAMES IN
TOO MANY LANGUAGES
 NEEDED A UNIVERSAL NAME ALL
SCIENTISTS COULD
UNDERSTAND
LATIN = UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE
 LANGUAGE OF SCHOLARS
SCIENTIFIC NAMES

GENUS AND species
 THE GENUS IS CAPITALIZED
 THE species IS lower case
 BOTH ARE UNDERLINED OR
WRITTEN IN ITALICS
 EXAMPLE: Tyrannosaurus rex or
Tyrannosaurus rex or
T. rex
RULES OF SCIENTIFIC
NAMING
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NO TWO SPECIES CAN HAVE THE
EXACT SCIENTIFIC NAME
SPECIES NAMES CAN:
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DESCRIBE APPEARANCE
TELL WHERE THE ORGANISM WAS FOUND
BE NAMED AFTER THE DISCOVERER
GENUS DIFFERENT
SPECIES NAME THE SAME
LINNAEUS
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SCIENTIST THAT INVENTED THE 2
NAME SYSTEM
HE USED THE GENUS + SPECIES TO
NAME DIFFERENT ORGANISMS
CLASSIFICATION IS BASED
ON:
1. SIMILARITIES OF PHYSICAL
TRAITS
2. SIMILARITIES OF GENETIC TRAITS
3. BIOCHEMICAL SIMILARITIES
4. BEHAVIORAL SIMILARITIES
HIERARCHY LEVELS OF
TAXONOMY (each level is called
a Taxa)
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DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
HOW LEVELS OF
TAXONOMY RELATE
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DOMAIN ==== WORLD
KINGDOM === CONTINENT
PHYLUM ==== COUNTRY
CLASS ===== STATE
ORDER ===== COUNTY
FAMILY ===== CITY
GENUS ===== STREET
SPECIES ==== YOUR HOUSE
HOW TO REMEMBER THE
ORDER OF TAXONOMY
DID KAREN PUT
CANDY ON FRED’S
GREEN SWEATER
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CLASSIFICATION AND
EVOLUTION
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THE MORE CLASSIFICATION
CATEGORIES 2 ORGANISMS SHARE,
THE MORE CLOSLEY RELATED THEY
ARE TO EACH OTHER.
CLASSIFICATION GIVES EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION.
HOWEVER, SIMILARITIY DOES NOT GUARANTEE A
CLOSE RELATIONSHIP………..
ARE THE SHARK AND DOLPHIN CLOSELY RELATED?
SIMILARITY DOES NOT GUARANTEE
A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP
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AN EXAMPLE: SHARK + DOLPHIN
THESE ARE EXAMPLES OF CONVERGENT
EVOLUTION.
 ORGANISMS THAT EVOLVE SIMILAR
STRUCTURES INDEPENDENTLY
BECAUSE OF SIMILAR HABITATS.
CLADOGRAM
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BRANCHING CHART SHOWING
EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
AMONG ORGANISMS
EXAMPLE: TEXTBOOK PG. 497
A CLADOGRAM IS BASED ON:
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1. EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS:
 - THE CLOSER YOU ON THE
CLADOGRAM THE MORE CLOSELY
RELATED YOU ARE
2. NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES IN DNA:
 -THE MORE SIMILAR THE DNA, THE
MORE CLOSELY RELATED
SPECIES:
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ARE ORGANISMS THAT BREED WITH
EACH OTHER + PRODUCE FERTILE
OFFSPRING.
ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF EVOLUTION
-DO NOT USUALLY REPRODUCE WITH
MEMBERS OF OTHER SPECIES.
MODERN CLASSIFICATION
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PHYLOGENETIC SPECIES CONCEPT
USES EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
INCLUDES EXTINCT SPECIES AS WELL AS
SPECIES THAT REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY
INCLUDES MOLECULAR DATA (DNA)
6 KINGDOMS SOLVED THE
PROBLEM
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1. ARCHAEBACTERIA
2. EUBACTERIA
3. PROTISTA
4. FUNGI
5. PLANTAE
6. ANIMALIA
1. ARCHAEBACTERIA
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ARE BACTERIA THAT:
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EVOLVED BEFORE OXYGEN WAS IN OUR
ATMOSPHERE
NOW FOUND IN EXTREME
ENVIRONMENTS
GET ENERGY FROM SULFUR, SALT,
HYDROGEN, DIOXIDE
MAY BE ANCESTORS OF PROTISTS
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2. EUBACTERIA
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THE MOST COMMON BACTERIA
VERY DIVERSE, SOME ARE:
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HETEROTROPHIC
 GET FOOD FROM ANOTHER SOURCE
AUTOTROPHIC
 MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD
LIKELY ANCESTORS OF MITOCHONDRIA
AND CHLOROPLASTS
3. PROTISTA (Catch-all Kingdom)
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ALL MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES
THAT ARE NOT PLANTS, ANIMALS OR
FUNGI.
PLANTS, ANIMALS & FUNGI ARE
PROBABLY THE DESCENDANTS OF
PROTISTS
EXAMPLES: AMOEBA, PARAMECIUM &
ALGAE
4. FUNGI
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MADE OF THIN FILAMENTS THAT GROW
INTO THE SOIL OR DECAYING
ORGANISMS TO ABSORB FOOD
NO CHLOROPLASTS, SO, NO
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
EXAMPLES: MUSHROOMS, YEAST,
MOLDS
5. PLANTAE
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PLANTS, TREES, FLOWERS
ALL PHOTOSYNTHESIZING
ORGANISMS
CONTAIN CELL WALLS
EXAMPLES: MOSSES, FERNS,
FLOWERS
6. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
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MULTICELLULAR
DO NOT PHOTOSYNTHESIZE
DO NOT HAVE CELL WALLS
NEARLY ALL ANIMALS HAVE SOME
KIND OF NERVOUS SYSTEM