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CLASSIFICATION SO, WHAT’S THE BIG DEAL ABOUT NAMING THINGS? TOO MANY COMMON NAMES IN TOO MANY LANGUAGES NEEDED A UNIVERSAL NAME ALL SCIENTISTS COULD UNDERSTAND LATIN = UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE LANGUAGE OF SCHOLARS SCIENTIFIC NAMES GENUS AND species THE GENUS IS CAPITALIZED THE species IS lower case BOTH ARE UNDERLINED OR WRITTEN IN ITALICS EXAMPLE: Tyrannosaurus rex or Tyrannosaurus rex or T. rex RULES OF SCIENTIFIC NAMING NO TWO SPECIES CAN HAVE THE EXACT SCIENTIFIC NAME SPECIES NAMES CAN: DESCRIBE APPEARANCE TELL WHERE THE ORGANISM WAS FOUND BE NAMED AFTER THE DISCOVERER GENUS DIFFERENT SPECIES NAME THE SAME LINNAEUS SCIENTIST THAT INVENTED THE 2 NAME SYSTEM HE USED THE GENUS + SPECIES TO NAME DIFFERENT ORGANISMS CLASSIFICATION IS BASED ON: 1. SIMILARITIES OF PHYSICAL TRAITS 2. SIMILARITIES OF GENETIC TRAITS 3. BIOCHEMICAL SIMILARITIES 4. BEHAVIORAL SIMILARITIES HIERARCHY LEVELS OF TAXONOMY (each level is called a Taxa) DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES HOW LEVELS OF TAXONOMY RELATE DOMAIN ==== WORLD KINGDOM === CONTINENT PHYLUM ==== COUNTRY CLASS ===== STATE ORDER ===== COUNTY FAMILY ===== CITY GENUS ===== STREET SPECIES ==== YOUR HOUSE HOW TO REMEMBER THE ORDER OF TAXONOMY DID KAREN PUT CANDY ON FRED’S GREEN SWEATER CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION THE MORE CLASSIFICATION CATEGORIES 2 ORGANISMS SHARE, THE MORE CLOSLEY RELATED THEY ARE TO EACH OTHER. CLASSIFICATION GIVES EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION. HOWEVER, SIMILARITIY DOES NOT GUARANTEE A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP……….. ARE THE SHARK AND DOLPHIN CLOSELY RELATED? SIMILARITY DOES NOT GUARANTEE A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP AN EXAMPLE: SHARK + DOLPHIN THESE ARE EXAMPLES OF CONVERGENT EVOLUTION. ORGANISMS THAT EVOLVE SIMILAR STRUCTURES INDEPENDENTLY BECAUSE OF SIMILAR HABITATS. CLADOGRAM BRANCHING CHART SHOWING EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS EXAMPLE: TEXTBOOK PG. 497 A CLADOGRAM IS BASED ON: 1. EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS: - THE CLOSER YOU ON THE CLADOGRAM THE MORE CLOSELY RELATED YOU ARE 2. NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES IN DNA: -THE MORE SIMILAR THE DNA, THE MORE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES: ARE ORGANISMS THAT BREED WITH EACH OTHER + PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING. ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF EVOLUTION -DO NOT USUALLY REPRODUCE WITH MEMBERS OF OTHER SPECIES. MODERN CLASSIFICATION PHYLOGENETIC SPECIES CONCEPT USES EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS INCLUDES EXTINCT SPECIES AS WELL AS SPECIES THAT REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY INCLUDES MOLECULAR DATA (DNA) 6 KINGDOMS SOLVED THE PROBLEM 1. ARCHAEBACTERIA 2. EUBACTERIA 3. PROTISTA 4. FUNGI 5. PLANTAE 6. ANIMALIA 1. ARCHAEBACTERIA ARE BACTERIA THAT: EVOLVED BEFORE OXYGEN WAS IN OUR ATMOSPHERE NOW FOUND IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS GET ENERGY FROM SULFUR, SALT, HYDROGEN, DIOXIDE MAY BE ANCESTORS OF PROTISTS 2. EUBACTERIA THE MOST COMMON BACTERIA VERY DIVERSE, SOME ARE: HETEROTROPHIC GET FOOD FROM ANOTHER SOURCE AUTOTROPHIC MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD LIKELY ANCESTORS OF MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS 3. PROTISTA (Catch-all Kingdom) ALL MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES THAT ARE NOT PLANTS, ANIMALS OR FUNGI. PLANTS, ANIMALS & FUNGI ARE PROBABLY THE DESCENDANTS OF PROTISTS EXAMPLES: AMOEBA, PARAMECIUM & ALGAE 4. FUNGI MADE OF THIN FILAMENTS THAT GROW INTO THE SOIL OR DECAYING ORGANISMS TO ABSORB FOOD NO CHLOROPLASTS, SO, NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS EXAMPLES: MUSHROOMS, YEAST, MOLDS 5. PLANTAE PLANTS, TREES, FLOWERS ALL PHOTOSYNTHESIZING ORGANISMS CONTAIN CELL WALLS EXAMPLES: MOSSES, FERNS, FLOWERS 6. KINGDOM ANIMALIA MULTICELLULAR DO NOT PHOTOSYNTHESIZE DO NOT HAVE CELL WALLS NEARLY ALL ANIMALS HAVE SOME KIND OF NERVOUS SYSTEM