Download Goal 2.01 Biochem

What does CHEMISTRY have to do
with each of these BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES?
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Goal 2.01: Biochemistry
Elements of Life
• 96% of living
organisms are
made of:




carbon (C)
oxygen (O)
hydrogen (H)
nitrogen (N)
Molecules of Life
• Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms
• What are bodies made of?
– carbohydrates
• sugars & starches
– fats (lipids)
– proteins
– nucleic acids
• DNA, RNA
Why do we eat?
• We eat to take in more of these chemicals
– Food for building materials
• to make more of us (cells)
• for growth
• for repair
– Food to make energy
• calories
• to make ATP
ATP
Don’t forget water
• Water
– 65% of your body is H2O
– water is inorganic
• doesn’t contain carbon
• Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
– organic molecules
•
•
•
•
carbohydrates
proteins
fats
nucleic acids
Building large molecules of life
• Chain together smaller molecules
– building block molecules = monomers
• Big molecules built from little molecules
– polymers
Building important polymers
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
Proteins = built from amino acids
amino amino amino amino amino amino
acid – acid – acid – acid – acid – acid
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
How to build large molecules
• Synthesis
– building bigger molecules
from smaller molecules
– building cells & bodies
• repair
• growth
• reproduction
+
ATP
How to break large molecules
• Digestion
– taking big molecules apart
– getting raw materials
• for synthesis & growth
– making energy (ATP)
• for synthesis, growth & everyday functions
ATP
+
Example of digestion
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
Starch
(glucose storage in plants)
Glycogen
(glucose storage in animals)
ATP
ATP
glucose
ATP
STARCH/GLYCOGEN ARE DIGESTED TO GLUCOSE
Example of synthesis
amino acids
protein
 Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids
amino acids = building block
protein = polymer
Carbohydrates:
CH2OH
H
HO
H
OH
O H
H
OH
H
OH
QUICK
Energy molecules
Why would a low carbohydrate diet
help you to loose weight?
hubpages.com
Carbohydrates
• Function:
glucose
C6H12O6
– quick energy
– Short term energy
storage
– structure
sucrose
• cell wall in plants
• Examples
– sugars
– starches
– cellulose (cell wall)
starch
Sugars = building blocks
• Names for sugars usually end in -ose
– glucose
– fructose
– sucrose
– maltose
CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
H
OH
glucose
fructose
C6H12O6
sucrose
maltose
Building carbohydrates
• Synthesis
monosaccharides
|
Glucose
1 sugar
|
Fructose
1 sugar
disaccharide
|
Sucrose
2 sugars linked
(table sugar)
BIG carbohydrates
• Polysaccharides:
= many sugars in a big molecule
– starch
• energy storage in plants
– potatoes
– glycogen
• energy storage in animals
– in liver & muscles
– cellulose
• structure in plants
– cell walls
– chitin
• structure in arthropods & fungi
– exoskeleton
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starch
easy to
digest
cellulose
hard to
digest
Cellulose
• Cell walls in plants
– herbivores can digest cellulose well
– most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
• that’s why they
eat meat
to get their energy
& nutrients
• cellulose = roughage
– stays undigested
– keeps material
moving in your
intestines
Helpful bacteria
• How can cows digest cellulose so well?
– BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Any
Questions?
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Lipids
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Concentrated long-term energy molecules
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• Examples
Lipids
– fats
– oils
– waxes
– hormones
• sex hormones
– testosterone (male)
– estrogen (female)
Lipids
• Function:
– Long-term energy storage
• very concentrated
• twice the energy as carbohydrates!
– cell membrane
– cushions organs
– insulates body
• think whale blubber!
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Molecular Structure of Fat
not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”
1 double bond = unsaturated
More than 1 double bond = polyunsaturated
Saturated fats
• Most animal fats
– solid at room
temperature
• Limit the amount in
your diet
– contributes to heart
disease
– deposits in arteries
Unsaturated fats
• Plant, vegetable & fish fats
– liquid at room
temperature
• the fat molecules
don’t stack tightly
together
• Better choice in your
diet
Other lipids in biology
• Cholesterol
– good molecule in cell membranes
– make hormones from it
• including sex hormones
– but too much cholesterol in blood
may lead to heart disease
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Good vs. Bad Cholesterol
Total Cholesterol Levels < 200
LDL = BAD!
Needs to be below 100
HDL = GOOD!!
Needs to be 60 or above
Triglycerides = BAD!
Needs to be 150 or below
Cholesterol Quiz http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3032767
Cholesterol Video 23:00
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=D0DC3225-D27A-4E3A-8CD07BCB3B1241A4&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
Other lipids in biology
• Cell membranes are made out of lipids
– phospholipids
– heads are on the outside touching water
• “like” water
– tails are on inside away from water
• “scared” of water
– forms a barrier
between the cell
& the outside
Any Questions?
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Proteins:
Multipurpose
molecules
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Examples of Proteins:
– muscle
– skin, hair, fingernails, claws
• collagen, keratin
– pepsin
gomuscles.net
• digestive enzyme
in stomach
– Insulin
• Hormone that controls
blood sugar levels
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– Hemoglobin
• Oxygen-carrying part of
blood cells
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Functions of Proteins:
Proteins perform many, many functions.
Here are just a few…
• Hormones
– signals from one body system to another
– insulin
• Movement
– muscle
• Immune system
– protect against germs
• Enzymes
– help chemical reactions
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Proteins
• Building block = amino acids
amino amino amino amino amino
acid – acid – acid – acid – acid
20 different amino acids
H
O
H |
||
—N—
—C— C—OH
H |
variable
group
There are
20 of us…
like 20 different
letters in an
alphabet…
Can make lots of
different
words
Proteins are amino acid chains
• Proteins
– amino acids chained into a polymer
amino acid
amino acid
amino acid
amino acid
amino acid
 Each amino acid is different

some “like” water & dissolve in it

some “fear” water & separate from it
Water-fearing amino acids
 Hydrophobic (phobia – fear)
“water fearing” amino acids
 try to get away from water in cell – but HOW?

 the protein folds!
Water-Loving amino acids
 Hydrophillic (phil – love)
“water loving” amino acids
 try to stay in water in cell

 the protein folds!
3-D protein structure
• Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shapes
– that’s what happens in the cell!
• Different shapes = different jobs
growth
hormone
hemoglobin
pepsin
collagen
With Proteins…
Its shape that matters!
• Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape
• Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
– wrong shape = can’t do its job
– unfolding proteins = “denature”
• temperature
• pH (acidity)
folded
unfolded
“denatured”
Protein Folding – SHAPE!
Any Questions?
Macromolecules and Indicators
• Carbohydrates –
– Sugar - Benedicts Solution
• Solution will turn from blue to red-brown.
– Starch – Iodine (IKI)
• Solution will turn from yellow to black.
• Lipids – Brown Paper Test
• Paper will have a “greasy” spot.
• Proteins – Biuret Test
• Solution will turn violet.
Lab: Indicators
Discovery Lab: Biological Indicators
Goal: To experience the techniques, solutions and effects of various
common biological indicators.
Materials:
Unlabeled: Sugar/Starch Solution, Clear Vegetable Oil, Egg whites
IKI soln
Biuret Reagent
Benedicts Soln
Brown paper
Labware.
Nucleic acids:
Information molecules
Discovery Lab: Making Your Own DNA Necklace
Goal: Introduce and Peak Curiosity about the structure of Nucleic Acids
Materials:
DNA Necklace Kit from Carolina Biological
Time required: 1 class period?
Watson and Crick … and others…
Nucleic Acids
Examples
– DNA
• DeoxyriboNucleic
Acid
– RNA
• RiboNucleic Acid
Nucleic Acids are
DNA
nucleotide chains
– nucleotides chained into
a polymer
• DNA
–double-sided
–double helix
–A, C, G, T
• RNA
–single-sided
–A, C, G, U
RNA
Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
• Functions:
– genetic material
• stores information
– Genes (on chromosomes)
– blueprint for new cells
– blueprint for next generation
• transfers information
– blueprint for building proteins
– DNA  RNA  protein
proteins
Nucleic acids
• Building block = nucleotides
5 different nucleotides


Nucleotide

different nitrogen bases
A, T, C, G, U
sugar
phosphate
Nitrogen base
Deoxyribose or
Ribose
A = Adenine
T = Thymine
C = Cytosine
G = Guanine
U = Uracil
T
C
G
T
A
G
C
strong bonds
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Structure of DNA 1:14
http://www.dnatube.com/group/dna_structure/?viewkey=a1a4f25f62e0eb5261ca&search_id=structure
Why do we need weak bonds between the base pairs?
A
What is the difference between
DNA & Genes & Chromosomes?
DNA folds into chromosomes.
A gene is a section of a
chromosome that controls the
making of a specific protein.
gene
DNA folding to make Chromosomes 2:21
http://www.cells.de/cellseng/1medienarchiv/Zellstruktur/Zellkern/DNA_condensation/Flash__C13105.htm