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Biomolecules
Mrs. McKinney
PAP Biology
Fill-in the concept map and use your chart to compare the
biomolecules – draw the structure under each category.
Section 2-3
4
Biomolecules
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Concept Map
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
which contain
which contain
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
4 Classes of Organic
Compounds
All
Contain
Carbon
Monomers (M)
(Building Blocks)
(Building
Blocks
Macromolecules
CHO
CHONP
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
M=Sugars
M=
Nucleotides
starch
es
DNA
cellulose
RNA
glycogen
CHONS
CHO
Lipids
M=
Fatty Acids and
Glycerol
Proteins
M=
Amino Acids
fats
oils
enzymes
muscle fibers
waxes
cytoskeleton
steroids
1
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Hall
C H O
1: 2: 1
Main source of
energy, especially
short term energy
Monomer: Sugar
Monosaccharide: simple sugar
Used for genetic material,
which codes for traits
Monomer: Nucleotide
CHONP
DNA: A C G T
RNA: A G C U
Disaccharide: double (two) sugars
Polysaccharide: many (large) sugars
Carbohydrates
Glucose,
Nucleic Acids
DNA, RNA, ATP
Starch,
Cellulose,
Glycogen
Macromolecules
Lipids
Proteins
Fats, Oils,
Enzymes,
Waxes
Cell structure
Saturated: only C-C single bonds
Unsaturated: at least 1 C = C double bond
Triglyceride: 3 fatty acids + glycerol
CHO
Monomer: Triglyceride
Bonded by: Peptide Bonds
Used for long term
energy storage
Used for antibodies, muscle
movement, enzymes, hormones,
structure, transport, and to
store amino acids
Monomer: Amino Acid
C H O N (S)
Warm-Up
• Title: Biomolecules
• Date:
• List the percentages of each:
– Fat
– Carbohydrates
– Protein
• Describe how each one is
important to you? How do
they help your body?
What am a I learning today????
• Identify biomolecules.
• Compare the structure and functions of
biomolecules known as:
–
–
–
–
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
• AHHHHH……WHAT???? Let’s simplify these
terms.
Biomolecules
• Carbohydrates:
– Aka: sugars – glucose, sucrose,
fructose, etc
– Function: Provide energy
• Lipids:
– Aka: fats – triglycerides,
saturated/unsaturated
– Function: Long-term energy,
insulation
Biomolecules
• Proteins:
– Aka: Amino acids –
– Function: build muscle, bones, pretty
much the body
• Nucleic Acids:
– Aka: DNA/RNA – your genetic code
– Function: Instructions for your cell –
the BIG BOSS
So lets think about this….
• Bio-molecules make:
– Organelles (tiny cell organs)
– Cells
– Tissue
– Organ
– Organ systes
– Organsism
Carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids,
found in food help
make me along
with nucleic
acids!!!!
How about orange juice?
Carbohydrates???
Lipids???
Proteins???
How about meat?
Proteins???
Lipids???
Carbohydrates???
How about ice cream?
Lipids???
Proteins???
Carbohydrates???
List the 4 Biomolecules
• 1.
• 2.
• 4.
• 5.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Biomolecules Chart
• As we go through the powerpoint, fill in your
chart.
• Using a Index Card you will draw an example
of each Biomolcule
.Fill this in on the side of your chart
Monomers – single unit
Polymers – many single
units joined together
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Copy this on the top of your chart.
Four groups of organic compounds found
in living things are:
• carbohydrates
• proteins
• nucleic acids
• lipids
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms,
Ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
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Carbohydrates
What is the
function of
carbohydrates?
Source of
Energy for cell
function
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Carbohydrates
Different sizes of carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides – single (1) sugar (glucoseC6H12O6, fructose)
Disaccharides – double (2) sugar (sucroseC12H22O11)
Polysaccharides – many sugars (starch,
glycogen, cellulose)
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Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides: Starches and sugars examples of carbohydrates that are used by
living things as a source of energy.
Examples:
Cellulose - plants
make it for cell walls
Starch - (long chain
of glucose)
Glycogen – stored in
humans
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• Show me what you know:
• On the following slides are questions you
should be able to answer thus far.
• Let’s try it out!!!
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2–3
Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch
are known as
a. lipids.
b. monosaccharides.
c. proteins.
d. polysaccharides.
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2–3
Which of the following statements about
cellulose is true?
a. Animals make it and use it to store energy.
b. Plants make it and use it to store energy.
c. Animals make it and use it as part of the
skeleton.
d. Plants make it and use it to give structural
support to cells.
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Proteins
macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Monomer: amino acids.
- Polymer: protein (polypeptide chain)
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Protein
s
Amino Acids: connected by peptide bonds
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Protein
sFunction
of Proteins
Instructions for arranging amino acids into many
different proteins are stored in DNA.
Amino
Acids
Protein
Molecule
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Protein
s
Some functions of proteins:
–Control rate of reactions – Enzymes
–Used to form bones and muscles
–Transport substances into or out of cells
–Help to fight disease - antibodies
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• Show me what you know:
• On the following slides are questions
you should be able to answer thus far.
• Let’s try it out!!!
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2–3
Proteins are among the most diverse
macromolecules because
a. they contain both amino groups and carboxyl
groups.
b. they can twist and fold into many different
and complex structures.
c. they contain nitrogen as well as carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
d. their R groups can be either acidic or basic.
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2–3
A major difference between polysaccharides and
proteins is that
a. plants make polysaccharides, while animals
make proteins.
b. proteins are made of monomers, while
polysaccharides are not.
c. polysaccharides are made of
monosaccharides, while proteins are made
of amino acids.
d. proteins carry genetic information, while
polysaccharides do not.
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or
genetic, information.
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
nucleotides – monomers of Nucleic Acids.
Monomer: nucleotides
Polymer: DNA or RNA
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides consist of three parts:
• a 5-carbon sugar
• a phosphate group
• a nitrogenous base
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Lipids
Lipids
not soluble in water.
Common categories
of lipids are:
fats
oils
waxes
steroids
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Lipids
Function of Lipids:
Used to store energy.
Important parts of biological membranes
and waterproof coverings.
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Lipids
glycerol
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Fatty acid
• Triglyceride
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• Show me what you know:
• On the following slides are questions you
should be able to answer thus far.
• Let’s try it out!!!
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2–3
Many lipids are formed from glycerol and
a. fatty acids.
b. monosaccharides.
c. amino acids.
d. nucleic acids.
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Write this down on the back
Monomer + monomer = polymer
Glucose + glucose
= carbs
Amino acid + amino acid = protein
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids = lipid
Nucleotide + nucleotide = nucleic acid
(DNA/RNA)