Download Nutrition and Feeder Types

Nutrition and Feeder Types
SBI3U
Obtaining and Processing Food
• All organisms, regardless of their size or
complexity, must have a way of
obtaining essential nutrients
• Essential nutrients: the basic raw
materials they need to make their own
structures, perform their life functions,
and obtain energy for survival
Macromolecules
• Organic molecules contain carbon bonded to
hydrogen, as well as to other atoms, such as
oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.
• Macromolecules are larger, more complex
assemblies of organic molecules, also known as
nutrients.
• These are the raw materials that our bodies
need to provide energy, to regulate cellular
activities, and to build and repair tissues.
• Often grouped
into four major
categories:
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleic acids
Macromolecules
• Energy released
from these
macromolecules, and
matter supplied by
them, is used to
maintain the body’s
metabolism (all of
the chemical
processes carried out
by cells to maintain
life)
Carbohydrates
• Are macromolecules that
always contain carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
– Almost always in the same
proportion: 2H : 1O : 1C.
• Provide short-term or long-term
energy storage for organisms.
• There are two main types of
carbohydrates: simple sugars
and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)
• Carbohydrate molecules with three to seven carbon
atoms.
– Examples: glucose (the sugar found in blood)
and fructose (the sugar found in fruit).
Disaccharides
• Made up of two simple sugars (di- = two).
– Examples: sucrose (table sugar), and lactose
(the sugar found in dairy products).
Polysaccharides
• Complex carbohydrates that consist of many linked
simple sugars (poly- = many).
– Examples: Starch stores energy in plants, and
glycogen stores energy in animals.
Carbohydrates
• Are insoluble in water.
• The basic structure of lipids is a
molecule of glycerol
– 3 carbon atoms, each
attached to a fatty acid
chain
• Store 2.25 times more energy
per gram than other biological
molecules; function as energystorage molecules.
Lipids
Lipids
• Phospholipids, form cell
membranes.
• Examples of lipids are
fats, such as butter and
lard, and oils, such as
olive oil and safflower oil.
Proteins
• Assembled from small sub-units known as amino acids
• Polypeptides are chains for hundreds of amino acids joined
together by peptide bonds
• Most enzymes are proteins, and so are antibodies, which
combat disease.
• Proteins help build and repair muscles and cell membranes
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids direct growth and development of all
organisms using a chemical code.
• The two types of nucleic acids are ribonucleic acid (RNA)
and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Hydrolysis
• A water molecule (H2O) is added to the
macromolecule.
• This breaks the chemical bonds that hold
together the smaller molecules from which the
macromolecule is made.
• Digestive enzymes help to speed up the
process of hydrolysis.
Minerals and Vitamins
• Inorganic and
organic substances
that enable chemical
reactions to occur
and aid in tissue
development, growth,
and immunity.
• Needed by a healthy,
functional human
body.
Minerals
Mineral
Key function in the body
Possible Sources
Calcium
Forming bone, conducting nerve signals,
contracting muscle, clotting blood
Dairy products
Iron
Producing hemoglobin
Red meat
Magnesium
Supporting enzyme functions, producing Dark, leafy greens
protein
Potassium
Conducting nerve signals, contracting
muscle
Grains
Sodium
Conducting nerve signals, balancing
body fluids
Salt
Vitamins
Vitamin
Key function in the body
Possible Sources
A (carotene)
Good vision, healthy skin and bones
Fruits
B1 (thiamine)
Metabolizing carbohydrates, growth and
muscle tone
Beans
C (ascorbic
acid)
Boosting immune system, healthy bones,
teeth, gums, and blood vessels
Fruit
D
Absorbing calcium, forming bone
Fish
E
Strengthening red blood cell membranes
Fruit
Water
• Needed for the proper functioning of all cells and organs.
Makes up 2/3 of body mass.
• Functions include:
– Transporting dissolved nutrients into the cells that
line the small intestine
– Flushing toxins from cells
– Lubricating tissues and joints
– Forming essential body fluids, such as blood and
mucus
– Regulating body temperature (by sweating)
– Eliminating waste materials (in urine and sweat)
Learning Check
• Pg 406, Q 1-6
Types of Digestion
• Intracellular digestion:
– Digestion inside the cell
– Phagocytosis - cell engulfs the food
• Ex: single-celled organisms
(paramecium, amoeba)
• Extracellular digestion:
– Digestion outside the cells
– Food enters a tube and exits from the
other end
• Ex: most animals, human digestive tract
Mechanical Digestion
• The physical breakdown of large food
particles into smaller ones.
– Achieved through chewing, mashing,
chopping, breaking food into smaller
pieces.
– This increases the surface area of the
food, allowing more enzymes to come
into contact with the food.
Chemical Digestion
• The chemical breakdown of large molecules
into smaller ones:
– Carbohydrates: polysaccharides (starch) are
broken into monosaccharides (simple sugars)
– Proteins: are broken down into amino acids
– Lipids: (mainly triglycerides) are broken down
into fatty acids and glycerol
Note: Food particles are broken down by
enzymes. Each enzyme has a pH at which it
performs best.
Types of Feeders
• Autotrophs:
– Can feed themselves from
inorganic molecules
– Ex: plants use sun + H2O + CO2
to form organic compounds
– Self-sufficient
• Heterotrophs:
– Depend on organic compounds
made by other living things
– Ex: animals, fungi, bacteria, etc.
– Not self-sufficient
Filter Feeders
• Aquatic animals that use a
body structure similar to a
filter basket to gather
small organisms
suspended in the water.
• Siphons water into its
mouth and then filters it
to obtain small organisms
to digest.
• Examples include
flamingoes, tube worms,
clams, barnacles, and
baleen whales.
Fluid Feeders
• Obtain food by sucking or
licking nutrient-rich fluids
from live plants or animals.
• Mouth parts are adapted to
pierce or rip skin or leaf
tissue and are used to suck
or lick the blood or sap that is
their food.
• Examples: mosquitoes, ticks,
aphids, spiders, bees,
butterflies, vampire bats, and
hummingbirds.
Substrate Feeders
• Live in or on their food
source and eat their
way through it.
• Examples: caterpillars
and earthworms.
• Caterpillars eat their
way through the green
tissues of leaves.
Bulk Feeders
• Include many animals and most
vertebrates (including humans).
• Bulk feeders ingest fairly large
pieces of food and some, like the
great blue heron, swallow their
food whole.
• Use tentacles, pincers, claws,
fangs, or jaws and teeth to kill
prey, to tear off pieces of meat or
vegetation, or to take in mouthfuls
of animal or plant food.