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Carbon Compounds / Organic Chemistry Fall 2014 Carbon Atomic Structure Carbon atoms have four valence electrons that can join with the electrons from other atoms to form strong covalent bonds. A carbon atom can bond to other carbon atoms, giving it the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length. Macromolecules Living organisms are made of molecules that consist of carbon and other elements. What are the key elements in organic chemistry? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur Macromolecules Macromolecules are simply molecules made up of smaller molecules. Large strands are called polymers, while individual pieces are called monomers. Macromolecules These elements combine to make the four key macromolecules: LIPIDS (mainly C & H) CARBOHYDRATES (C, H, O) PROTEINS (C, H, O and N) NUCLEIC ACIDS (C, H, O, N, S & P) Lipids Lipids are not water-soluble (they do not dissolve in water). Lipids are found primarily as oils and fats. They serve as sources of energy storage or as waterproof, semi-permeable membranes, like the ones surrounding our cells. Lipids Phospholipid Bilayer Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a ratio at or near 1:2:1. Glucose C6H12O6 Sucrose (table sugar) C12H22O11 The primary purpose of carbohydrates is for energy. Living things use carbohydrates as their primary source of energy. Complex carbohydrates (starches) are chains of molecules used as storage. Carbohydrates Some carbohydrate molecules include: glucose galactose fructose deoxyribose arabinose sucrose maltose lactose pectin glycogen Carbohydrates An example of a complex carbohydrate: Proteins Proteins are polymers of amino acids. AA produced in body AA from outside sources alanine arginine asparagine aspartic acid cysteine glutamine glutamic acid glycine proline serine tyrosine histidine isoleucine leucine lysine phenylalanine threonine tryptophan valine Proteins The amino acids are integral parts of our DNA and RNA. Nucleic Acids The composition of nucleic acids includes: a phosphate group a nitrogenous base a 5-carbon compound Nucleic Acids Phosphate groups are ALWAYS the same: Nucleic Acids Nitrogenous bases are always one of these five: adenine guanine cytosine thymine uracil
