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Transcript
Chemistry 1010 Groceries What Should We Eat How Much Should We Eat • Grasshopper Cookies Dietary needs Come in Different Ways • • • • Lipids (Fats) Carbohydrates (sugars) Proteins Vitamins and Minerals Lipids • Store Energy in a Fat Cell • Part of membranes • Serve as chemical messengers Where are Lipids Used • Humans store Energy in the form of fats • Fats produce 50% more energy per gram than Carbohydrates • Because lipids are insoluble in water, they work well as membranes to separate compartments in the body • The structure of lipids makes them water repellent or hydrophobic • Primary messengers like steroids and Secondary messengers like prostaglandins or thromboxanes Classification of Lipids • Classified into four groups 1) Fats and waxes 2) Complex Lipids 3) Steroids 4) Prostaglandins Structure of Fats Properties of Fats • Physical State - FATS – Animal fats • generally solids at RT • contain mostly saturated FA – Plant and Fish oils • generally liquids at RT • contain more unsaturated FA Properties of Fats PURE Fats – Colorless, odorless, and tasteless – Tastes, odors, colors are caused by substances dissolved in the fats Hydrogenation • Treatment with hydrogen gas, H2 • Catalyst required • NOT difficult to convert unsaturated FA to saturated FA • Called “hardening” • Margarine contains more unsaturation than hydrogenated shortenings – Crisco, Spry, etc. Hydrogenation • Unsaturated converted to saturated: O H2C O C (CH2)12 CH3 O HC O H2C O CH2 (CH2)6 CH3 C (CH2 )6 CH2 O CH CH CH2 (CH2)6 CH3 C (CH2 )6 CH2 CH CH + H2 catalyst O H2C O C (CH2)12 CH3 O HC O H2C O CH2 (CH2)6 CH3 C (CH2 )6 CH2 O CH2 CH2 CH2 (CH2)6 CH3 C (CH2 )6 CH2 CH2 CH2 Saponification • Triglycerides are subject to hydrolysis – base hydrolysis is called “saponification” O H2 C O C (CH2 )12 CH3 O HC O H2C O CH2 (CH2 )6 CH3 C (CH2 )6 CH2 O CH CH CH2 (CH2 )6 CH3 C (CH2 )6 CH2 H2O + 3 NaOH O CH CH H2C HC Na + O C (CH2 )12 CH3 OH OH + H2 C OH O 2 Na + O C (CH2 )6 CH2 CH CH2 (CH2 )6 CH3 CH Carbohydrate • hydrate of carbon – Cn(H2O)m • Glucose -blood sugar- C6H12O6 or C6(H2O)6 • Sucrose -table sugar- C12H22O11 or C12(H2O)11 • Not all carbohydrates have this exact form – old habits die slow or sometimes never at all Monosaccharides • Formula CnH2nOn • One carbon is either an aldehyde or ketone • The suffix ose indicates that the molecule is a carbohydrate • Use prefix to indicate number of carbons tri , tetr, pent, hex • Aldose – contain an aldehyde group • Ketose – contain a ketone group Monosaccharides • Aldohexoses Aldohexoses aldehyde function six carbons carbohydrates or saccharides other examples: ketotetrose, aldotriose, ketopentose Three Most Common Sugars Three Forms of A Sugar Disaccharide Examples Polysaccharide Examples What A Difference One Bond Angle Can Make HOCH2 HOCH2 HOCH2 ( O OH Starch O OH O OH O OH HOCH2 ) OH alpha linkage ( O OH Cellulose OH Sawdust Cookies anyone?????? O ) OH beta linkage Proteins Functions: – – – – – – – – From yahoo images Structure - skin, bones, hair, fingernails Catalysis - biological catalysts are enzymes Movement - muscle: actin and myosin Transport - hemoglobin, transport thru membranes Hormones - insulin, oxytocin, HGH, etc. Protection - antigen-antibody reactions, fibrinogen in clotting Storage - casein in milk, ovalbumin in eggs, ferritin in liver-stores iron Regulation - control in expression of genes Proteins • Protein types: From yahoo images – 9000 different proteins in a cell – Individual human being >100,000 different – Fibrous Protein • Insoluble in H2O • Used mainly for structural purposes – Globular Protein • Partly soluble in H2O • Usually not used for structural purposes Amino Acids • The Building Blocks of proteins – Contains an amino group and an acid group – Nature synthesizes about 20 common AA H R C COOH NH 2 Amino Acids • Amino Acids (AA) – The twenty common are Called alpha amino acids – We use one and three letter codes to name the 20 common AA H R C COOH NH 2 Amino Acids • Amino Acids (AA) – Sometimes classified as AA with: • • • • nonpolar R groups polar but neutral R groups acidic R groups basic R groups Twenty Essential Amino Acids http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/to picreview/bp/1biochem/amino2.html Peptides • AA are also called peptides • They can be combined to form a dipeptide. H H2 N O CH3 O CH C OH + H2N CH C OH glycine alanine H H2 N O CH C -H2O CH3 O NH CH C OH a peptide bond Peptides • Addition of peptides (head to tail) – Formation of: • dipeptides • tripeptides • tetrapeptides • pentapeptides • polypeptides • PROTEINS AA’s Proteins • Proteins usually contain about 30+ AA • AA known as residues – One letter abbreviations • G, A, V, L – Three letter abbreviations • Gly, Ala, Val, Leu Polypeptides side chains • Polypeptides R R R R R R N CH C N CH C N CH C N CH C N CH C N CH C H O H O H O H O H O H O amino acid residues peptide bonds peptide bonds Quick Time™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. AA’s How a Protein is Formed http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5vH4Q_t AkY