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Vitamins and Minerals PowerPoint originally prepared by Shanta Adeeb 1 The Nature of Vitamins 2 Vitamins are organic compounds needed for normal function, growth and maintenance Cofactors, not energy The Nature of Vitamins 3 Organic cofactors Physiological role Prevents disease (?optimal health?) Natural = Synthetic (except Vitamin E) For “nutrition” in general 4 Nutritional Value lost by: – Light – Heat – Oxidation – Bacteria – Enzymes – Insects The Nature of Vitamins 5 FOOD PROCESSING PRESERVES NUTRIENTS Example: Milk Vitamin Requirements 6 Daily Values (DV): standard nutrient intake values developed by FDA – Includes DRIs and DRVs – Disease prevention – Best met through a consumption of a wide variety of foods Vitamin Requirements 7 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI): recommendation for individuals – Age – Gender – Pregnancy – Lactation Vitamin Requirements 8 Daily Reference Values (DRV): standards established for protein and other dietary components lacking a RDA or nutrient standard Constitute part of the Daily Values used on food labeling Dietary Supplements They are classified as “Nutritional Supplements” They are not foods, and not drugs* Supplements are “Product intended to supplement the diet and contains vitamins, minerals, botanicals, amino acids, and their extracts” NOT consumed as a food replacement Loosely regulated, “not evaluated by FDA” *By definition a “drug” is used to “prevent, treat or cure” disease. Fat Soluble Vitamins 10 A – orange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidant- used as color and antioxidant D – we make it with sunlight, rickets, milk, Ca:P ratios E – tocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing stroke, cancer, heart disease- used as antioxidant K – contributes to blood clotting factor Vitamin A 11 Vitamin A 12 Used in food industry as a colorant (orange) Antioxidant Stored in liver Important for sight – Deficiency causes ~500,000 cases of “night blindness” worldwide Genetically engineered rice with high Vitamin A can prevent night blindness Carrotenosis Vitamin D 13 Also known as calciferol due to its role in calcium absorption Main role is to maintain calcium and potassium levels Only fat soluble vitamin we can make in the presence of sunlight Can be made from cholesterol Vitamin D 14 Can be stored in fat tissues Elderly and shut ins are at risk We get it form fortified milk and cereal Toxicity is very dangerous – Occurs only from excess supplementation – Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heart and blood vessels Vitamin D 15 Vitamin E 16 A family of eight naturally occurring compounds Used as an anti-oxidant in foods Since aging is considered an “oxidation” reaction, many “anti-oxidants” are used as dietary supplements Deficiencies are not well understood Role is stroke, cancer, heart, and immune response Americans spend $300 million per year on vitamin E supplements Vitamin K 17 Contributes to synthesis of seven blood clotting factors Can be reactivated to continue biological action Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes two bone proteins Water Soluble Vitamins 18 Relatively cheap to add to food Only Vitamin C is used for its functionality Water Soluble Vitamins 19 B1, thiamine B2, riboflavin B6, pyridoxamine B12 Biotin Panothenic acid Niacin Folacin Vitamin C Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamin B1 – Thiamine – Involved in carbohydrate metabolism – Helps body metabolize glucose, affects central nervous system – Deficiency causes Beri beri (Singlese, “I can’t, I can’t”) B2- riboflavin – Energy metabolism Water Soluble Vitamins B6 - Pyridoxamine – B12 – – – 21 Neurotransmitter, co-enzyme in over 100 reactions Development of red blood cells Hard for vegans to get Water Soluble Vitamins Biotin – – – Panthothenic acid – – 22 Involved in fatty acid synthesis Deficiency causes skin disease and hair loss Found in many foods Essential for metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, alcohol and fat Water Soluble Vitamins Choline – – – – 23 A major component of cell membranes Folacin = Folate = Folic acid Deficiency causes neural tube defects Took Rutgers Professor 20 years for FDA approval. Why? Vitamin C 24 Ascorbic acid Very inexpensive to add to food, marketing tool. Antioxidant Deficiency leads to bleeding gums, hemorrhages High in citrus fruits, limes, (Limeys) Vitamin C - Scurvy 25 Niacin (B3) Energy metabolism Disease – pellagra – The Four D’s – – – – 26 Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia Death Minerals 27 Issues – Absorption – Bioavailability Minerals Percent of Body weight – – – – – – – – 28 Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur Sodium Chloride Magnesium Iron 2% 1% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.05% 0.04% Minerals Calcium – – – – – – 29 99% is structural ~25% absorption Vitamin D aids absorption 75% is obtained form dairy products Many products are fortified with it Built in youth lost in maturity Calcium Osteoporosis – a pediatric disease with geriatric consequences – 1.5 million fractures each year – 14 billion in direct health cost – 25 million women at risk – DRI women 600 – 800 mg/day National Osteoporosis Foundation www.nof.org 30 Calcium 31 Minerals 32 Phosphorus – Easily absorbed by the body – Enhanced by Vitamin D – Deficiency are rare Potassium – A primary electrolyte in blood – Associated with lower blood pressure – Athletes Minerals 33 Sodium and Chloride – Added during processing – Enhances flavor – We consume 2X of what we need – Excess Sodium can lead to hypertension High blood pressure Minerals 34 Sulfur – Necessary for collagen formation Magnesium – Abundant in plants Minerals 35 Iron – Most common and easily preventable deficiency – Needed for oxygen absorption, immune function, developmental performance – Poor absorption from plant sources – Low iron causes anemia, especially in menstruating women – Toxicity 6 – 12 vitamins with 100% will kill a small child (The dose makes the poison.) Fortification vs Enrichment Fortification - restores lost nutrients due to processing Enrichment – adds nutritional value to meet a specific standard Old London Restaurant Style Croutons. Seasoned Sourdough. Enriched Bread, [Enriched Flour (Flour, Niacin, Ferrous Sulfate, Thiamin Mononitrate, Riboflavin, Folic Acid), Water, Yeast, Sugar, Salt, Partially Hydrogenated Soybean Oil , Vinegar, Ascorbic Acid] Bean Oil with BHT added as a Dextrin Enriched Uranium “Enriched Uranium