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Chemistry for Anatomy and Physiology Matter • Can be seen, smelled or felt • Occupies space and has mass (weight) • We look at how building blocks are put together Energy • The ability to do work • Massless; measured by its effect on matter Types of Energy • Chemical • Electrical • Mechanical • Radiant Chemical Energy Stored in atomic bonds Released when bonds are broken Electrical Energy • Movement of charged particles • Electrons along a wire at home • Charged particles across a membrane in your body Mechanical Energy • Running, Riding a bike, paddling a canoe… • Muscle contraction moves the bones of your body Radiant Energy • Travels in waves • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Includes x-rays, infrared, visible light, radio and Ultraviolet • Important in vision and Vitamin D synthesis Can we convert from one type to another??? • While it is never created or destroyed, some energy is lost as heat. • Example= Eating, only 10% of the energy is retained and the rest is lost as heat. Path of Energy • Begins as sun energy • Photosynthesis converts sun energy to chemical • We eat plants and absorb the nutrients Food to Macromolecules • When we eat, chemical reactions produce heat • Keeps our body temperature stable • Provides building blocks for macromolecules Energy Storage • Energy is stored in ATP molecules for use in all activities • The energy is stored in the last phosphate bond • ATP breaks off a phosphate and becomes ADP ATP and ADP ATP = Fully Charged Battery ADP = Partially Charged Battery What good is heat? • Helps us maintain our body temperature • Speeds up reactions in our body • It is part of our ability to maintain homeostasis Atomic Particles Particle Location Charge Mass Proton Nucleus +1 1 amu Neutron Nucleus 0 1 amu Electron Orbitals -1 0 amu Common Elements (p30 in 9th)(p28 in 8th) Elem • O • C • H • N • Ca • P % At # 65.0% 8 18.5% 6 9.5% 1 3.2% 7 1.5% 20 1.0% 15 • The number of protons identify the element and is the same as the atomic number • The atomic mass is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons Diagram C, H, N, O, P, S Isotopes • Iso=same • Same element; different atomic mass • Same number of protons • Different number of neutrons Radioisotopes • Heavy isotopes tend to decompose to the lighter form • The decay is called radioactivity • Used to “Tag” biological molecules (PET scan) • Treatment of certain localized cancers Types of Bonds Type Formed When… Characteristics Ionic Electron is Transferred Covalent Electron is Shared Between atoms with different electronegativity Very strong bond Van der Waals Forces or Hydrogen Bonds Attraction between Hydrogen bonds oppositely charged individual = weak regions of many = strong molecules Radioactivity • Alpha or Beta particles or gamma rays are given off from the nucleus • Alpha penetrates the least, gamma, most • It is the electrons that are sent flying that does damage Molecules and Compounds • Molecules are two or more atoms of the same element that are joined • H2 or O2 • Compounds are two or more atoms of different elements join together. • CH4 or H2O Ionic – Electron Transferred Covalent – Electron Shared Van der Waals Forces (oppositely charged regions ) Synthesis Reaction • Two or more atoms or molecules combine to form a larger more complex molecule • A + B → AB Decomposition Reaction • When a molecule is broken down into smaller less complex molecules • AB → A + B Exchange Reaction • Involves both synthesis and decomposition. Bonds are both made and broken and a switch is made • AB + CD → AD + BC Organic vs Inorganic Organic = Carbon Inorganic = No Carbon Inorganic Properties of Water • #1 High Heat Capacity • Water can absorb or release large amounts of heat before its temperature changes • Prevents temperature changes in our body Properties of Water #2 Polarity • Water molecules have a slightly negative charge near the oxygen atom and a slightly positive charge around the hydrogen atom. Properties of Water #2 Universal Solvent • Water dissolves more substances than sulfuric acid because of its polar characteristic. It can surround molecules of a substance and pull it apart. Water Properties • #3 Chemical Reactivity • Can break down molecules into smaller less complex forms • Hydrolysis Reaction Hydro = Water Lys = Splitting Water Properties • #4 Cushioning • Protective function in the form of fluid around sensitive organs • Like: the brain, or a developing fetus Other Properties of Water Cohesion • Water is attracted to other water. This is called cohesion. Other Properties of Water Adhesion • Water can also be attracted to other materials. This is called adhesion. Other Properties of Water Density • Ice is less dense than water which is why it floats. It expands as it freezes Fish can live in water during winter Other Properties of Water • Surface Tension • Cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water causes the water to pull itself into a shape with the smallest amount of surface area (sphere). • Surface tension allows water striders to 'skate' across the top of a pond. (Cohesion) Other Properties of Water • Capillary Action • Adhesive properties of water. Placing a straw into a glass of water, it 'climbs' up the straw. Molecules are attracted to the straw molecules (adhesion). When one water molecule moves, the other water molecules follow (cohesion) • Capillary action is limited by gravity and the size of the straw. Plants take advantage of capillary action to pull water into the roots. Salts • Ionic Compound • Dissociate in water to: Cation + and Anion – • Calcium and Phosphorus (bones and teeth) and Sodium and Potassium • ELECTROLYTES conduct current in solution Acids and Bases • Acids = Proton donor, in the form of H+ (hydrogen or naked proton) • Strong acids liberate all of their protons • Sour / burn • Bases = Proton acceptor or dissociate to give off OH- ions (hydroxyl) • Strong bases give off all OH• Bitter / slippery Neutralization • Neutral pH is 7 • Combine acid and base to neutralize • Buffers are weak acid and bases that maintain pH stability by taking up excess H+ or OH- ions • If blood is too acidic it will not carry oxygen Categories of Organic Molecules • • • • Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Categories of Organic Molecles Molecule Building Blocks Examples Uses Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Sugars and CHO Starches Quick Energy Lipids CHO Glycerol and Fatty Acids Fats, Oils, Waxes and Steroids Stored Energy Cell Membranes Proteins CHNO Amino Acids Muscle Enzymes Collagen Antibodies Help Carry Out Cellular Activities Nucleic Acids CHNOP Nucleotides DNA, RNA Instructions for all cell activities Help make proteins Carbohydrate Lipids Protein Nucleic Acid Building Blocks 4 Groups of Organic Compounds Enzymes Enzymes • Enzymes = Catalysts that speed up reactions in our body • Enzymes have a specific job – each fits like a lock and key with its specific substrate How Enzymes Work Four steps in the process of an enzyme working. 1. An enzyme and a substrate (the biological molecule that the enzyme will attack) are in the same area. 2. The enzyme grabs onto the substrate with a special area called the active site which is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate. The active site is the keyhole of the lock. 3. A process called catalysis happens which is when the substrate is changed ( broken down or combined to make something new) 4. When the enzyme lets go, it returns to normal, ready to do another reaction. The substrate is no longer the same and is now called the product. Can you stop them???? • Good question! • There are many factors that can regulate enzyme activity, including temperature, activators, pH levels, and inhibitors. Any factors that affect the shape of an enzyme affect the enzyme’s activity. What effect does pH and temperature have on an enzymes ability to catalyze (speed up) a reaction? • Enzymes work well within very specific ranges of pH and temperature. If the pH or temperature changes to outside of the range, the enzyme shape changes and thus no longer works to speed up the reaction.