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DRUGS
Chapter 9
What is a Drug?
• Any chemical substance – naturally
occurring or synthesized that can alter the
physiology or psychology of a human
being or other higher animal.
• A drug can be classified as either
pharmacological or recreational.
So what qualifies as a Drug?
• Alcohol
• Tobacco
• And everything else you can thinks of that
affects mind and body.
WHO STARTED THIS?
ALCOHOL,TOBACCO, OPIUM,
• Intentionally fermented beverages
existed at least as early as the Neolithic
period (cir. 10,000 B.C.)
• 6000 B.C. Experts believe the tobacco
plant, as we know it today, begins growing
in the Americas by Native American tribes.
• 3400 B.C. The opium poppy is cultivated
in lower Mesopotamia.
Cannibis
• 6000 B.C. Cannabis seeds used for food in China. First to use
Fingerprints and POT!
• 4000 B.C. Textiles made of hemp are used in China.
2727 B.C. First recorded use of cannabis as medicine in
Chinese and Indian pharmacopoeia.
• 1000 B.C. – becomes a major part of Hindu culture
• 900 A.D. Spreads as Hashish in Arabia
• 1200 A.D. makes it to Africa
• 1270-1290 A.D. Makes it to Europe thanks to Marco Polo!
• 1856 British tax ganja and charas trade in India
• 1928 Recreational use of Cannabis is banned in Britain.
• 1937 Cannabis made federally illegal in the U.S. with the
passage of the Marihuana Tax Act.
*Hemp = Old word for Marijuana
LSD, Heroin
• First synthesized by Swiss chemist Albert
Hofmann.
• LSD was introduced into the United States
in 1948. Sandoz Laboratories marketed
LSD as a psychiatric cure-all and hailed it
as a remedy for everything from
schizophrenia to criminal behavior, sexual
perversions, and alcoholism.
Drugs in the USA – ’60s
• Although drugs of all kinds have been in our
society for centuries – alcohol, tobacco,
marijuana, prescription drugs, etc. Drug use
became rampant and “out-of-the-closet” in the
1960s.
• Many hallucinogens (LSD), barbiturates and
amphetamines manufactured in laboratories
found their way into society.
• Marijuana became most widespread and was
the drug of the generation (Hippie)
Drugs in the USA – ’70s
• The Bayer Company started the
production of heroin in 1898 on a
commercial scale to alleviate the
symptoms of respiratory conditions –
heroin is made by chemically altering
Morphine
• In the 1970s Heroin addiction became a
national problem in the US.
Drugs in the USA – ’80s
• Cocaine (the Rich) and Crack (the poor)
use was huge in the 1980s.
• Nancy Reagan’s “Just Say NO!” just didn’t
work.
Drug-Dependence
• Dependence is determined by the
following chemical and physiological
factors:
– The type of drug
– The mode of administration
– The dose (concentration)
– Frequency of use
– The user’s metabolic rate
Drug-Dependence, cont’d.
• Drug dependence is also determined by the
following social and psychological factors:
– The person’s mental state/personality/character
– His/her expectations of the drug experience
– How society treats him/her and the drug use
– How he/she responds to society
– Where, when and how the drug is used
Drugs that cause physical dependence
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Barbiturates (depressants)
benzodiazepines (sedatives/depressants)
Ethyl alcohol (alcoholic beverage) (depressant)
GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid) (intoxicant)
Methaqualone (Quaalude®) (depressant)
Nicotine (Stimulant)
Opioids (pain relief)
Amphetamines (stimulants)
Heroin (Narcotic)
Morphine (Narcotic)
Methadone (Narcotic)
Codeine (Narcotic)
Drugs that are not known to cause
physical dependence
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Marijuana (Hallucinogen)
LSD (Hallucinogen or psychedelic drug)
Phencyclidine or PCP (Hallucinogen)
Cocaine (Stimulant)
Caffeine (Stimulant)
Amphetamines (Stimulants) – no medical evidence
These drugs can cause severe anxiety and unhappiness when
discontinued, but there is no medical evidence that proves that they
cause actual physiological withdrawal. So they may cause psychological
dependence rather than physiological dependence.
Consequence of Abstinence after
Dependence
Withdrawal sickness or Abstinence syndrome
– Body chills (tremors), sweating
– Vomiting
– Stomach cramps
– Convulsions and seizures
– Insomnia
– Pain
– Hallucinations
These symptoms occur if the drug is not taken/administered within a
certain period of time. In the case of heroin, it can be 6 to 8 hours.
Withdrawal can be fatal
• Alcohol,
benzodiazepines, and
barbiturates are the
only dependencycausing drugs that can
cause fatal withdrawal
sickness
• Most other drugs such
as opioids, can cause
severe withdrawal
symptoms, but they are
rarely life-threatening.
DRUG vs. NARCOTIC
• Since the word “Drug” is too broad and
covers the good, the bad and the ugly, the
word NARCOTIC is preferred in forensics.
• The word is Greek in origin – from
“Narcosis” (also “Narkoticos”) for deaden
or benumb and loss of feeling or paralysis,
sluggishness or lethargy.
Narcotics are Analgesics
• They relieve pain by depressing the CNS
• Their regular use causes physiological and
psychological dependence
• The source of most narcotics is unripe
poppy pods – opium, morphine and heroin
are all derivatives
Wrongly accused!
• So by definition, marijuana, LSD, cocaine
and other “drugs” are NOT narcotics! They
are controlled substances, but not
narcotics.
• Many law enforcement officials in the
United States inaccurately use the word
"narcotic" to refer to any illegal drug or any
unlawfully possessed drug.
Opium and its derivatives
• The unripe (green) poppy pod
- Papaver somniferium oozes a
sticky, milky juice when cut
with a blade this is liquid
opium
• The droplets turn brown once
they make contact with air
• Raw opium will contain from 4
to 21% morphine as well as
codeine and related alkaloids.
Opium
• Cultivation of opium
poppies for food,
anesthesia, and ritual
purposes dates back to
at least the Neolithic Age.
• Recreational use of the
drug began in China (!!)
in the fifteenth century
• Opium is primarily
smoked
Opium Dens
Morphine
• Morphine is a derivative of opium
• The word "morphine" is derived
from Morpheus, the god of
dreams in Greek mythology. He is
the son of Hypnos, god of sleep.
• Primarily injected for pain
management (some oral)
• Highly addictive – more so than
opium
• Withdrawal – severe
• Causes tolerance – dose increase
required
Heroin
• Although it is very easy to
derive morphine from
opium/poppy juice, it is
heroin that is popular with
narcotics abusers.
• Heroin is made by
combining morphine with
acetic anhydride or acetyl
chloride.
• It is highly soluble in
water, so it is easy to
prepare for intravenous
use (injection is the
fastest way to a high)
Heroin Use
• The drug user usually dissolves a small
quantity in water in a spoon, heats the spoon
over a match or candle to speed up the
dissolution and draws the solution into a
syringe for injection.
Heroin paraphernalia
Pure or Adulterated?
• Heroin purity today is about 35%
• The rest of the 65% can be fillers such as
quinine, starch, lactose, procaine
(Novocain), etc.
• Most users don’t know or care what the
65% is comprised of.
Codeine
• Is also present in opium, but
can only be synthesized from
morphine
• It is only 1/6th as potent as
morphine, so it is not popular
among drug abusers
• Codeine is a common coughsuppressant in prescription
cough syrups (RobitussinAC®)
Robo-Tripping is getting a fix on Robitussin
Some synthetic drugs are not opium
derivative, but have very similar
physiological effects – so they are
called Opiates
Oxycodone (Synthetic opiate)
• A close relative of codeine
• Synthesized from Thebaine a.k.a
paramorphine
• Tolerance and Habit-forming,
withdrawal similar to morphine
• Found in prescription pain killers
such as Percodan® and
Percocet® (which also contain
aspirin and acetaminophen
respectively to enhance the effects
of the oxycodone)
• and OxyContin®
Methadone (Synthetic Opiate)
• Methadone is used to prevent addicts from
getting high on morphine and heroin – but
unfortunately, people seem to get addicted
to the methadone itself
• Tolerance and dependence
• Administered orally
• Deaths from methadone overdose are on
the rise
NonNarcotics
Hallucinogens
(Psychedelic Drugs)
• Any class of drugs that can alter perception,
mood and normal thought processes. Here are
the common hallucinogens:
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Marijuana
LSD
Mescaline
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Psilocybin
MDMA (ecstasy) Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Marijuana
• Most widely used illegal drug
in the US
• According to recent surveys,
43 million Americans have
tried it and 50% of those are
regular users
• Marijuana is prepared from a
plant called Cannabis sativa
• Marijuana is the crushed
leaves of the Cannabis plant
mixed in with the crushed
flowers, stem, and seeds.
The proportions may vary,
depending on the
dealer/preparer.
Weeds
• Marijuana is actually a weed that grows wild
in almost any climate
• Can be between 5 to 15 feet tall
• Each leaf has between 5 to 9 segments and
the segments have serrated edges
• Contains THC or Tetrahydrocannabinol, a
hallucinogen (Resin has the most, then
flowers, then leaves. Stem, roots and seeds
have very little THC)
How much THC?
• Resin (Liquid hashish) – 8 – 22% THC
• Sinsemilla (Flowers) – 6-12% THC
• Leaves and other vegetation – 3 - 4.5% THC
Hashish
• The Cannabis sativa plant secretes
a sticky resin that is known as
hashish.
• The plant must be soaked in a
solvent like alcohol in order to
extrude the resin from it.
• Hashish is sold as a
compressed/packed plant brick or
nugget or as liquid hashish (Hash
Oil)
• Liquid hashish is most potent
• One drop on a cigarette tip or joint is
enough to cause a “high”.
Sinsemilla
• Most potent form of
Marijuana
• It is made from the
unfertilized flowers of
the female marijuana
plants – all male
plants must be
removed from the
area to prevent
pollination.
More History
• 2737 BC – Chinese
Emperor recommends
marijuana use for
multitude of human
ailments
• 1000 BC – Marijuana
becomes a major part
of Hindu culture
Bhang
• is a derivative of the leaf and flower of a female
Cannabis sativa plant (part Sinsemilla). It is used for
making beverages (a cold drink prepared with a
mixture of almonds, spices, milk and sugar.)
• It is sometimes smoked.
So what does Marijuana do?
It is dose dependent
Low to moderate doses
- a feeling of well-being
- relaxation
- Slightly altered perception of space and time
- Hunger/craving for sweets
- Heightened sense of touch, smell, taste
Usually these signs are not noticeable to an
outside observe.
High doses
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Hallucinations
Fantasies
Distortion of shapes
Loss of personal identity
Although marijuana does not cause physical dependency, it
can affect heart rate, thought processes and mental
dependency.
LSD
• Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
• Made from a fungus called ergot
• Discovered by s Swiss scientist who
accidentally ingested some and had quite
a time getting home on his bicycle!
• Hugely popular in the ’60s and becoming
popular again.
LSD
•LSD is a clear liquid that gets applied to blotter paper “Stamps”, to pills,
sugar cubes and ingested.
•In the streets it is called acid, blotter acid, microdot, and white lightning,
and the street name for the duration of the hallucinogenic effect or high
is called a "trip."
What does LSD do?
• Physical effects of LSD include:
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dilated pupils
elevated body temperature
high blood pressure
Hallucinations
a disoriented sense of direction, distance, and time.
• Bad trips can result in:
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panic
paranoia
anxiety
loss of control
confusion
psychosis.
How long does it last?
• The hallucinogenic effect of LSD can last
from two to twelve hours. During this time,
judgment may be impaired, visual
perception may seem distorted, and
hallucinations may occur (the sense of
reality may become highly distorted).
• One possible side effect of LSD is called a
"flashback". For several years after taking
the drug, the hallucinogenic effect of the
drug may reappear temporarily and
without warning.
PCP (Phencyclidine)
• Easy to make, can be made in
labs, bathrooms, garages, using
“cookbooks”
• Used in powder-form called
“Angel dust”, capsules, tablets or
liquid (Sprayed onto plant leaves)
• It can be smoked, sniffed,
ingested
• Used in conjunction with other
drugs like LSD or amphetamines
• Hallucinogen
Effects of moderated PCP doses
(1-6 mg)
Initially
• Feelings of strength and invulnerability
• Sense of detachment
Eventually
• Agitation, irritability
• Confusion
• Depression, feelings of isolation
• Schizophrenic behavior (can happen days
after taking the drug)
Long-term use can lead to:
• Severe depression
• Suicidal tendencies
• Violent behavior
MDMA - Ecstasy
• Hallucinogen
• Recreational /club drug
• Increased awareness of
the senses, feelings of
openness, euphoria,
empathy, love,
happiness, heightened
self-awareness, feeling
of mental clarity and an
increased appreciation of
music and movement.
• Powder, pills or capsules
DEPRESSANTS
Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol)
• Depressant
• Enters bloodstream and goes to the brain
(CNS), where it affects the centers for thought
processes and coordination
• In low doses it may appear to increase a
person’s confidence (Uninhibited behavior)
• Higher doses cause irritability (anger), sadness
(crying)
• Extremely high doses can be poisonous - fatal
Barbiturates
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Depressants; called “downers”
Affect CNS, muscle relaxant
Offer feeling of relaxation, well-being and sleep
Phenobarbital (Slower-acting), pentobarbital
(faster-acting and more abused) are examples of
medically used barbiturates
• Methaqualone (Quaalude) is a commonly abused
non-barbiturate that acts exactly like a
barbiturate.
Tranquilizers
• Depressants
• Act on the CNS
• Do not cause the extent of sedation that
barbiturates do – they do not induce sleep
• Help people cope with everyday pressures
– Valium (diazepam)
– Librium (chlordiazepoxide)
– Miltown (meprobamate)
– Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)
Are examples of mild, medically prescribed tranquilizers
Glue-Sniffing
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Mostly depressants – varied effects
Started in the 1960s
Model airplane glue
Now people also sniff
– aerosols gas propellents like freon (CFC)
– toluene (smell of paint thinners)
– Gasoline
– Trichloroethylene (Organic solvent, dry
cleaning solvent)
– Naphtha (Used to make high octane gasoline)
– methyl ethyl ketone (Organic solvent) etc.
STIMULANTS
STIMULANTS
Amphetamines
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Synthetic stimulant drugs
Also called “uppers” “speed”
Injected intravenously during a “speed binge”
Give initial “rush” or “flash”, or euphoria, clarity of mind
After the initial stimulant effect wears off, depression ,
restlessness and lack of confidence may follow
• Methamphetamine is a derivative
• Crystal meth (a.k.a “ice”, “glass”, “Tina”) is a smokable
version of meth made by evaporating liquid meth.
• Phenmetrizine and Phendimetrizine are unrelated to
amphetamines, but produce similar effects – used in diet
pills
Before and After Meth
Cocaine
• Extracted from the leaves of Erythroxylon coca,
indigenous to the Andes of South America and the
tropics of Asia
• The medical world was made aware of its stimulant
“magic” by Sigmund Freud
• White powder
• Snorted; absorbed through mucous membranes of
nose
What does cocaine do?
• Stimulates CNS, causes a “rush” or
euphoria
• Followed by lack of appetite, boredom,
fatigue
Crack-Cocaine
• A less expensive
alternative to high
grade cocaine
• Made by mixing
cocaine with baking
soda and water, then
heating and drying.
• The dried material is
broken into chunks
and sold as “crack
rocks”
Crack-Cocaine
•Smoked in glass pipes and produces
effects similar to cocaine, but MUCH faster!
Can be injected also.
•Much more habit forming than cocaine –
very few abusers recover from this habit.
CLUB DRUGS
CLUB DRUGS
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Several drugs – classify as club drugs
Usually synthetic
Used in night clubs and social gatherings
May include
– MDMA (Ecstasy) Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(Hallucinogen)
– GHB (Gamma Hydroxybutyrate) (intoxicant/depressant) –
date-rape
– Rohypnol (Roofies) – date-rape drug (depressant)
– Methamphetamine (stimulant)
– Ketamine (Hallucinogen) – used by veterinarians for animal
anesthesia
ANABOLIC STEROIDS
Anabolic Steroids
• Synthetic substances that mimic
testosterone
• Normal testosterone plays 2 roles:
– Androgen effects – makes secondary male
characteristics appear at puberty
– Anabolic effects – promotes muscle growth
• Many companies try to develop steroids
that promote the anabolic effects but not
the androgenic effects such as voice
change and hair growth
The bad and the ugly
• Steroids can cause harmful changes in
cholesterol levels (increased Low density
lipoprotein and decreased High density
lipoprotein), acne, high blood pressure, liver
damage, and dangerous changes in the
structure of the left ventricle of the heart
• In males: reduced sexual function, testicular
atrophy (they return to normal size when drug is
stopped), deeper voice, baldness, breasts
• In females: excess hair, enlarged clitoris,
decreased menstruation, deeper voice
• In fetuses: developmental problems
Steroids
• Examples of anabolic steroids include
ethyloestrenol; fluocysmesterone;
methandienone; methenolone;
methyltestosterone; nandrolone;
oxandrolone; oxymetholone and
stanolone.
DEFINITION
Abolic
Veterinary steroids
Anadrol
Oral steroids
Anatrofin
Injectable steroids
Anavar
Oral steroids
Arnolds
Steroids
Bolasterone
Injectable steroids
Deca-Duabolin
Injectable steroids
Delatestryl
Injectable steroids
Dep-testosterone
Injectable steroids
Dianabol
Veterinary steroids; veterinary and oral
Dihydrolone
Injectable steroids
Durabolin
Injectable steroids
Dymethzine
Injectable steroids
Enoltestovis
Injectable steroids
Equipose
Veterinary steroids
Finajet/finaject
Veterinary steroids
Georgia home boy
Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
GHB
Gamma hydroxybutyrate
Gym candy
Steroids
More Steroids
Juice
PCP; steroids
Maxibolin
Oral steroids
Methatriol
Injectable steroids
Methyltestostero
ne
Oral steroids
Parabolin
Oral steroids; veterinary steroid
Primbolin
Injectable and oral steroids
Primobolan
Injectable and oral steroid
Proviron
Oral steroids
Pumpers
Steroids
Quinolone
Injectable steriods
Roid rage
Aggressive behavior caused by excessive steroid use
Stackers
Steroids
Stacking
Taking steroids without a prescription; use of three or more
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) tablets in combination
Sustanon 250
Injectable steroids
Therobolin
Injectable steroids
Trophobolene
Injectable steroid
Weight trainers
Steroids
Winstrol
Oral steroids
Winstrol V
Veterinary steroids
STUDY ON YOUR OWN
• Drug-Control Laws
• Controlled Substances Act
• Collection and Preservation of Drug
Evidence
DRUG IDENTIFICATION
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Color Tests
Microcrystalline tests
Chromatography – TLC and GC
Spectrophotometry
Mass spectrometry
Color Tests
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Marquis Test – Amphetamines, Meth
Dillie-Koppanyi - barbiturates
Duquenois-Levine - Marijuana
Van Urk Test - LSD
Scott Test - Cocaine
Drug Demographics
http://wwwdasis.samhsa.gov/teds00/TEDS_
2K_Chp3.htm#All%20Admissions
THE END