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1 Welcome to Seminar on Psychogeriatric Medications and their Effects on Behavior in the Long-Term Care (LTC) Meera Kaur, Ph.D, R.D. Assistant Professor and Clinical Dietitian Department of Family Medicine [email protected] 2 Objectives of the Session To understand: • The common mental health issues in elderly residents of LTC facilities • The drugs commonly used to manage mental health and behavioral issues • Common side-effects • The interactions with foods and other drugs • The nutritional impacts and management Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 3 Outline of the Session • • • • • • • • • • • Introduction Prevalence of mental health issues in LTC Common psychiatric diagnosis in LTC Commonly used psychogeriatric medications: Side-effects, Food / Drink interactions, Drug interactions Nutritional management Micronutrients and caffeine in LTC Adjunctive therapy Team approach Implications for the practitioner Case studies Summary Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 4 Introduction... • Elderly population in developed countries has rapidly increased • In Canada, the number of seniors receiving care in LTC homes is rising 1986 — 203, 000 1996 — 240, 000 2021 — 18% of 6.7 million Canadian 2031 — LTC bed will triple or quadruple Source: Health Canada, 1999 and 2002 Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 5 Introduction • Projected elderly population (1990-2050) in USA Projection of elderly population 65 to 84 85+ Total 60 40 20 50 20 40 20 30 20 20 20 10 20 00 20 90 0 19 Percent 80 Year Source: US Department of Commerce, 1989 Meera Kaur, PhD, RD Prevalence of Mental Health /Behavioral Issues in LTC • Eighty percent of the residents in LTC suffer from some kind of mental health issues or behavioral problems (Conn et al., 2001). • The classic study of Rovner et al. (1990): Total nursing home included in the study: 454 • Dementia: 2/3rd (40% of demented residents had depression, delusion, delirium) • Affective disorders: 10% • Schizophrenia or another psychiatric illness: 2.4% Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 6 7 Common Psychiatric Diagnosis in LTC Settings • • • • Dementia Delirium Depression Disorders – – – – – Mood Psychotic Dysthymic Adjustment Personality Change Meera Kaur, PhD, RD Factors Affecting Drug Metabolism in the Elderly 8 Key point: An elderly person is more susceptible to adverse drug reactions than younger one because of: • Decreased lean body mass • Increased body fat • Decreased serum albumin • Changes in – digestion/absorption, kidney and liver functions, drug receptor sensitivity and amount of neurotransmitters Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 9 Dementia Key Points: • Most common mental disorder in LTC homes (>50%) • Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause • Residents with dementia will demonstrate – Cognitive impairment that affects their daily functioning – Behavioral disturbances (apathy, agitation,depression etc.) • Demented residents have increased susceptibility to side-effects from psychoactive drugs • Management: Multi-model Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 10 Medications in Dementia Cholinesterase Inhibitors: prescribed for the treatment of mild to moderate AD. • • • • Donepezil (Aricept) Galantamine (Reminyl) Memantine HCl (Exiba) Rivastigmine (Exelon®) Herbal products • Ginko Biloba • Remember FX Meera Kaur, PhD, RD , 11 Cholinesterase Inhibitors… Common side-effects Interaction with • • • • • • Foods/Herbal products Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Loss of appetite Weight loss – St. John Wort – Ginko Biloba • Drugs – Cytochrome P450; Anti- cholinergic & cholinergic agent; Tacrine, Luvox, TCA Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 12 Cholinesterase Inhibitors…. Donepezil (Aricept): May be taken with or without foods • Side effects: anorexia, wt., dehydration, N/V, pain, GI bleeding, bloating, diarrhea, insomnia, fatigue, muscle cramp, or BP, headache, dizziness, syncope, tremor, ataxia, depression, blurred vision, urination Galantamine (Reminyl ER): With breakfast or food • Side effects: Same as above dyspepsia, flatulence, difficulty swallowing, chest pain, seizures, falling, blood K++, BP, UTI, fainting Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 13 Cholinesterase Inhibitors Memantine HCl (Exiba): With or without foods • Side effects: anorexia, wt., N/V, constipation, flatulence, diarrhea, dehydration, hallucinations, sleep disorder, BP confusion, Nutritional management: • Nutrient-dense small frequent feeding with variety in color and taste; yogurt or other foods with probiotics; and, adequate hydration among others Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 14 Herbal Products… Ginko Biloba: Edible portion is leaf (available as gummies, tablets, capsules, strips, lozenges, powders or liquids). The dose is also measured in drops, teaspoons or tablespoons. • Side effect: Spontaneous bleeding • Food interaction: St. John Wort, Garlic • Drug/supplements interaction: Antiplatelet, ASA, NSAID, Heloperidol, fish oil, Vitamin E Source: Health Canada, 2008 Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 15 Herbal Products: Ginko Biloba… Meera Kaur, PhD, RD Herbal Products… 16 Remember FX: Purified natural product obtained from roots of North American ginseng. Used for improving mental performance. • Side effect: Spontaneous bleeding • Food interaction: St John wort, Garlic • Drug interaction: Blood thinner Coumadin (warfarin), MAOIs Source: http://www.remember-fx.com/qa.htm Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 17 Herbal Products North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 18 Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) • • • • • • • Agitation Restlessness Wandering Mood disturbances Delusions Hallucinations Rage and violence Meera Kaur, PhD, RD • • • • • • • Catastrophic reaction Phobias/fears Shouting/screaming Sleep disturbances Sundowning Apathy Sexual disturbances 19 Medications in BPSD... • Commonly used medications in BPDS are Antipsychotics. Typical Antipsychotics (TA) Atypical Antipsychotics (ATA) , Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 20 Typical Antipsychotics ... Typical Antipsychotics (TA): Prescribed for: • Psychotic syndrome (delusions, hallucinations etc.) that occurs in depression, mania, schizophrenia, paranoid disorders, delirium and dementia • Agitation and aggression due to dementing illness • Examples – Haloperidol (haldol) – Loxapine (Loxapac) – Zuclopenthixol (Clopixol) Meera Kaur, PhD, RD , 21 Typical Antipsychotics ... Common side-effects • Anticholinergic effects: dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, tachycardia, urinary retention, sweating, delirium, disorientation, confusion, cognitive disorder • Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS): dystonias, parkinsonism, akathesia, tradive dyskinesia, sedation, appetite, wt., BP, ratinopathy, skin rash, pigmentation, jaundice, neuroleptic malignant syndrome ( temperature, muscular rigidity, CPK, altered consciousness) Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 22 Typical Antipsychotics Interactions with: Foods, Herbal Products, Drinks: coffee, tea, herbs, nutraceuticals • Drugs: Cytochrome P450, alcohol opioids, methyldopa levodopa, TCA Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 23 Atypical Antipsychotics… Atypical Antipsychotics (ATA): Prescribed as alternatives for typical antipsychotics, because they have lower rates of EPS than TA. In older residents with delirium+Parkinson’s disease, ATA are preferred over TA • Example – Risperidine (Risperdal) – Olanzopine (Zyprexa) – Quetiapine (seroquel) – Clozapine (Clozaril) Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 24 Atypical Antipsychotics ... Common side-effects: • Tradive Dyskinesia • Akathisia • Hyperglycemia • Obesity • wt., appetite, TG, liver enzymes, thirst • wt., appetite, anorexia, Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 25 Atypical Antipsychotics Interactions with: • Foods, Herbal Products, Drinks: coffee, tea, herbs, nutraceuticals, grapefruit juice • Drugs: Cytochrome P450, SSRI, fluvoxamine, barbiturates, phenytoin, antifungal, arythromycin Smoking is an induction to CP450 system, which induces drug metabolism & decreases the drug efficacy Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 26 Depression Key Points • Common mental health problem in LTC (15%) • The causative agents in depression are biological, psychological and social (Final Common Pathway) • Residents with dementia may exhibit – Depressed mood, loss of interest/pleasure, suicidal ideation – Changes in weight or appetite, insomnia, hypersomnia • Treatment: Medication, Psychotherapy, modalities, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Meera Kaur, PhD, RD Social 27 Medications in Depression Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI): Prescribed for mild to moderately severe depression. Used if TCA is contraindicated or not tolerated Trycyclic Antidepressants (TCA): Prescribed for severe depression with melancholic features. Other Antidepressants Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 28 SSRI... Commonly used SSRIs • • • • Citalopram (Celexa) Fluoxetine (Prozac) Escitalopam (Cipralex) Fluvoxamine (Luvox) Common Side effects: Taste change, Anorexia, or wt., N/V, Diarrhea, Constipation, Dry mouth, sexual Dysfunction Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 29 SSRI Interactions • Foods, Herbal Products, Drinks - St John Wort - Tryptophan supplement • Drugs - Non selective MAO Inhibitors ( phenelzine) - carbamazepine - phenytoin - nafcillin Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 30 TCA... Commonly used TCAs • Desipramine (Norpramin) • Nortriptyne (Aventyl) These two TCAs are the most appropriate for older residents. Common Side effects • Sedation • Orthostatic BP • Anticholinergic effects Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 31 TCA Interactions • Foods, Herbal Products, Drinks - St John Wort - Tryptophan supplement - High fibre diet • Drugs - Medication specific Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 32 Other Antidepressants... Commonly used other antidepressants • • • • • Bupropion (Wellbutrin) Venlafaxine Duloxetine Nefazodone Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAO1) Common Side effects • Sedation • Orthostatic BP • Anticholinergic effects Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 33 Other Antidepressants Interactions • Foods, Herbal Products, Drinks - St John Wort - Tryptophan supplement • Drugs - Medication specific Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 34 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Interactions • Foods, Herbal Products, Drinks: Aged or matured cheese( e.g.,Cheddar, Blue, Swiss); Aged or fermented meats and fish (e.g., pepperoni, corned beef, pickled herring, etc.);Meat, Brewer’s yeast and yeast extracts, (e.g., Bovril,Marmite, Oxo etc.); Broad bean pods • Drugs: SSRI, Cold Medications Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 35 Sedatives... Commonly used sedatives • Benzodiazepines (Clonazepam, Lorazepam) Common Side effects • Amnesia, Drowsiness Interactions • Foods, Herbal Products, Drinks – St John Wort, Alcohol, Kava • Drugs – Other Sedatives Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 36 Herbal Sedatives Commonly used herbal sedatives • Ashwagandha* • Valerian** • Marijuana Common Side effects: Drowsiness, CNS depression Interactions • Foods, Herbal Products, Drinks: –Alcohol, Chillies* • Drugs –Other Sedatives, -Blocker, **Phenytoin Meera Kaur, PhD, RD Other Mood Disorders… 37 Bipolar Disorders: best managed by • Psychotherapy and family-focused treatment (FFT) • Pharmacotherapy is less effective without FFT Mania: Commonly used drugs are: • Lithium carbonate – Side-effect: tremor (resting, intentional); myoclonus, dehydration, salt depletion – Food interaction: caffeine – Drug interaction: NSAID, thiazide and K++ sparing diuretics. Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 38 Other Mood Disorders (Mania) Carbamazepine (antiepileptic): Little data on use in late life Antipsychotics: We have already discussed. Slide # 20, 21,22, 23, 24 and 25 Valporic acid • Side-effect: sedation; rashes; dehydration, salt depletion; platelet counts, liver toxicity • Food interaction: caffeine • Drug interaction: alcohol, ASA, warfarin Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 39 • • Mental health status of residents in LTC homes plays a great role in food acceptance or tolerance, and thus poises challenges to the LTC dietitians • Psychogeriatric drugs further add to the challenges Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 40 Nutritional Management... Key points: Thorough understanding of the• current health status of the resident (physical, mental, social) • current medication and their side effects • drug-drug and drug-nutrient interaction • age-related changes in: – sensory attributes – GI system/ functions – endocrine system • changes in over all metabolism Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 41 Nutritional Management Principles • Achievements/management of satisfactory body weight and over all health through: – adequate intake of nutrients both in quantity and quality – possible physical activities/exercise • Dietary management (whenever possible) of drug-related complications (constipation, dehydration, liver functions, kidney functions, BP, blood lipid profile etc.) Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 42 Nutrition Checklist (general)... • Has there been a loss of more that 10% usual weight in the past 6 months? • Is the diet being limited in some way that may result in missing nutrients and energy? • Is fibre being completely avoided? • Are milk or milk products being avoided? Meera Kaur, PhD, RD Nutrition Checklist (general) • Are caffeine, alcohol, sugar substituted for other foods? or fat being • Is the resident on texture modified diet? • Is a non-prescribed diet being followed? • Are meals or snacks being skipped, or is food consumption less than usual? Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 43 44 Role of Specific Nutrients • Folate and Vitamin B12: Deficiency of folate and vitamin B12 — overt or latent — is mainly a problem for the elderly and a challenge to health care professionals. – Combination of oral cobalamin (1 mg/day) and folate (5 mg/day) for 2 months improved the clinical state of mildly/moderately demented residents with elevated homocysteine level (Nilsson et al., 2001). Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 45 Caffeine in Long-Term Care • Literature related to role of caffeine in the elderly population is limited. However, researches have shown that – – People who consume caffeine regularly, build tolerance to its diuretic effects Caffeine may interact with the medication used to treat: • Schizophrenia, anxiety and panic disorder (Benzodiazepines), bipolar disorder, mania (Lithium), insomnia and sundowning (TCA, haloperidol, benzodiazepines). Meera Kaur, PhD, RD Adjunctive Therapies... 46 The overall vision of Adjunctive Therapies is a well-rounded and diverse program of treatment, as different people tend to respond to different treatment modalities. These are • Art Therapy, Dance Movement Therapy, Psychodrama, Poetry Therapy, Recreational Therapy, Pet Therapy, and Psychosocial Education. Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 47 Adjunctive Therapies Meera Kaur, PhD, RD Team Approach Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 48 Implications for the Practitioners • Dietary intervention for the restoration of general health and nutritional status • Dietary management of drug-related complications • Food rich in natural stimulants and protectants may be considered for the management of GI functions and over all health • Whenever possible and applicable, LAB containing yogurt may be included in the diet of residents to improve liver function and promote gut health • Team approach and adjunctive therapy help provide optimal nutrition support Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 49 Ms. B 50 • An 84-year old women with advanced dementia was bedridden and severely apathetic. She neither fed herself, nor responded to staff attempting to feed her. After IV rehydration, family was asked to consent for tube feeding (TF). Family was concerned about TF. A trial of psychostimulent (methylphenidate) was successful in treating the apathy enough so that she was able to be fed, and she ultimately lived for another two years without requiring TF. • Implications: Treating the underlying causes such as apathy, depression etc. is crucial. Stimulation and rewarding activities are helpful for dietary intervention. Meera Kaur, PhD, RD My Mom 51 • 70 year old widow, vegetarian. Since last 8 months she is suffering from episodes of copious diarrhea followed by constipation. She has developed resistance to many medications. She is diabetic (NIDDM) withBP and on medications. Poor GI functions. Can not tolerate most of the foods, especially vegetables and fruits (cooked or raw). Oral Intake is always poor. My brother phoned me describing her chronic illness and asked for dietary advise. What I did? I Discussed with her doctor. We put her on a synbiotic capsule (one/day) for 40 days. Then I suggested to add plain yogurt (1-2 tsp) in most of the foods that she can eat (rice, barley, lentil, milk, stew, soup etc). Did it work? Meera Kaur, PhD, RD Summary 52 • The prevalence of mental health issues in LTC facilities is at least 80%. Psychogeriatric medication (P M) is essential while caring for LTC residents with mental health issues, but clearly it is a double-edged sword. • Elderly people are at high risk of having side-effects of drugs, and their interactions with foods, drinks, other drugs, which affect their behavior. • P M adds challenges to the dietitians while striving to provide optimal nutrition support to residents at LTC settings. • Understanding the common psychogeriatric drugs, their action and interaction should help dietitian plan and implement optimal nutrition support for LTC residents. • Team approach and adjunctive therapy are important to implement nutrition care plan successfully in LTC residents, specially those residents who are on P M. Meera Kaur, PhD, RD Selected References 53 • Canadian Coalition for Seniors’ Mental Health (www.ccsmh). National guidelines for seniors’s mental health. 2006 • Conn, D., Herrmann, N.,Kaye, K., Schogt, DRB (Eds). Practical Psychiatry in the Long-Term Care Facility. Hogrefe and Huber Publishers. 2001 • Conn Et al., National guidelines for seniors’s mental health. Ca. J Geri. 9, supp (2):S36-S71, 2006 • Mallet, L., Spinewine, Huang A. The challenge of managing drug interactions in elderly. The Lancet, 370:185-91, 2007. • Maughan, RJ., Griffin, J. Caffeine ingestion and fluid balance: a review. J Human Nutr. Diet. 16:411-420, 2003 • Pronsky, ZM, Food Medication Interactions. Birchrunville, PA, 2004 • Simmons, DH. Caffeine and its effects on persons with mental disorders. Arch. Psy. Nur, X (2), 1996 • Watson, E. Depression and other Mood Disorders (seminar). Seven Oak General Hospital. May 15, 2008 Meera Kaur, PhD, RD Acknowledgement 54 I gratefully appreciate: • The Dietitians of Canada, 2008 Conference Committee for giving me the opportunity to speak in this session • The Gerontology Network for hosting the session and Healthcare Food Services for sponsoring the session. • Dr. E. Watson, MB., BCh., FRCPC., Dr. M. Shane, FRCPC.,Ms. M. Lam, RD., Ms. L. Bohn, MSc., RD., Seven Oaks General Hospital; Ms. J. Helps, RD., Deer Lodge Centre; Ms. C. Eisenbraun, RD., Ms. J. Crawford RD., Ms. V. Bright, RD., Dietitians of Canada; Ms. W. Smith-Windsor, RD., Ms. C. Tuan, RD., Selkirk Mental Health Centre for their valuable information while preparing the speech Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 55 Society, Friendship and Love... Divinely bestowed upon men! Oh! had I the wings of a dove… How soon would I taste you again…… Meera Kaur, PhD, RD 56 Thank you for gracing the session! Any question? Meera Kaur, PhD, RD