Download Drugs ppt

Drug Classification
•
•
•
•
Drugs
Narcotics
Classifications
Effects on human systems
Narcotics
Schedule I
• Produce sleep and lethargy
• Opium: derivative of poppy plant
• Morphine: extracted from opium
• Product of heroin metabolism
• English grow poppies for morphine and
codeine
Morphine is a controlled
substance
used as a pain reducer/killer
surgery- end of life-accident
liquid-carried in glass ampules
Morphine was widely used in
WW II, Korea and Vietnam
for pain relief
lightweight,
easy to carry (?) VERY effective
Numerous soldiers
became addicted
but not publicized
Barney Ross/boxer
Morphine continued use on
Battlefield in Korea and Vietnam
heroin derived from morphine
popular as a drug
easily dissolved in water
for injection ( highly soluble)
‘good’ for street sales
•heroin on street is higher % today
compared with 1960’s -70s
30-40% then
60-90% now
•laced with quinine and /or starch,
even Novocain
NARCAN
• Naloxone
• Naloxone is an opioid antagonist drug
developed by Sankyo in the 1960s. Brand
name: Narcan
• Drug class: Opioid antagonist
• “The severity of the opioid epidemic and the high
number of overdoses that occur each year is the
catalyst behind this effort; too many people are
dying and we know that with treatment many of
those deaths can be prevented. Last year
alone, the police in Bergen County administered
Narcan 180 times with 165 individuals revived
and given another chance at life; sadly, 15 of
those individuals that were administered Narcan
did not survive.”
•
•
E. Elias, Children’s Aid and Family Services
Codeine- another derivative
of opium
preparation more involved
Synthetic- not a naturally occurring
derivative
cough suppressant
controlled
substance
• Desomorphine:
dihydrodesoxymorphine
brand name Permonid
street name krokodil (krokodile) :derivative
of morphine
Often codeine- based
powerful, fast-acting opioid effects;
as sedation and analgesia
Cooked ingredients vary
• Used in Russia and Switzerland for severe
pain
• 1981 use terminated
• ‘cooking’ of drug since
• Siberia, Russia outbreaks
Tissue Degeneration
OPIATES
Non-opium derivatives
Similar physiological effects of opium
and its derivatives
Opiate Addiction/ Heroin
Addiction?
• Rx due to injury or surgery
• Behaviors seek satisfaction from opiate
• Opiates expensive on street $20-30 a pill
• Heroin cheaper- $10/hit
OxyContin
Percosset, Hydrocodone used for pain
management
Methadone- used as treatment for
heroin addicts
•heroin need diminished
•minimal side effects with
the methadone
Hallucinogens
Marijuana- Cannabis sativa
Hashish is the resin
produced by plant
Hemp- plant used to
produce
natural rope materials
History to Chinese in
2000’s BC
Napoleon credited /blamed
for bringing marijuana to the west.
Central, South Americas have
moderate temperatures
and climate,
with much rain, favorable for the
growth of marijuana- smuggling!
Dicot- 5-9 leaves,
branching veins on leaves
Produces seeds, flower, stem ,
leaves all used in preparation
of drugs
Chemical in Cannibis
• THC= tetrahydrocannabinol
•
isolated in 1964
• THC also sold illegally as
hallucinogen- inhalant; crystalline form
• Resin has highest concentration of
THC- hashish- stronger effects than
leaves, stem, etc.
• Hashish oil highest concentration
• Read National Report: p. 243
• Legal uses today- relieves pressure
associated with glaucoma
• -relieves nausea for patients on chemo
Marijuana Dispensary
• Montclair, NJ
• 1st dispensary since law changed 2012
for medical marijuana.
Mycology
• Fungi, mushroom, mold, mildews
slime molds, yeasts
• Fungi: Kingdom
• fungi organisms,
• No ‘J’ sound but G
(guh)
Lysergic acid diethylmideLSD- synthesized from ergot
fungus
Salem witch trials
Hallucinogens
• Hallucinogenic mushrooms,
fungi can be deadly in shamanistic ceremony
• Gut contents examined reveal fungi
Some laws do not keep up with
hallucinogenic mushrooms found
• Stopharia aeruginos not illegal
• Psylocibin; class A drug; illegal
Some mushrooms not known
or have no regulation/legality
• Long lasting effects• Phenylcyclidine with LSD= angel dust
effects:
• detachment- strength- inhibitions gone
• Violence, depression suicide possible
Mescaline, phenylcyclidine, PCP and
psilocybin (fungus)
AKA mushrooms
methylenedioxymethamphetamine =
ecstasy
Depressants
• Alcohol(not a
true drug- a chemical)
• Barbituates-produce sleep
• suppress CNS
Barbituates
Source- barbituric acid
Yellow jackets, blue devils
and reds are slang for
barbitol drugs
pheno, seconal, pento, buto, etc
Tranquilizers
• Depressants but do not induce sleep
nor do they directly depress CNS
• Valium and Librium are commonly
prescribed tranquilizers
Inhalants
• Volatile substances, usually solvents
that are CNS depressants
• Airplane glue, freon, naptha, methyl
ethyl ketone, gasoline, white-out!
• Liver, lungs & heart may suffer from
chemicals inhaled.
Amphetamines
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Stimulants of CNS
Speed
Stimulation then depression
Increased heart rate
Can effect heart muschle
hyperactivity
euphoria
Amphetamines
A false sense of energy
• Injection common but also taken
in pill form
• Benzedrine, hexadine
• Ice= solidified form of
methamphetamine smoked
• long hours of effects
Cocaine
• In a chemical class by itself
• From Erythroxylon coca- plant
originally grown in Andes Mt.
• South America & Southern Asia
http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.
gov/pdf/street_terms.pdf
Cocaine around long time
• Freud used cocaine
• Wrote of euphoric sensation
• Pain killer or anesthetic used in past
for medicinal purposes- no longer
• Euphoria, energy, alertness
• Low appetite (weight loss)
• Crack smoked ; inhaled and absorbed
through mucus membranes in sinus
• Cocaine, inhaled, injected (free-base)
or smoked (diffused in lung tissue to
blood stream)
• Death possible- heart failure
Cocaine noses
Club Drugs
Ecstasy
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Aka; MDMA
Patented as appetite suppressant
Rohpynol AKARoofies
CNS depressant
GHB and Molly
gamma hydroxybutyrate
CNS depressant
Club Drugs + -OH
• If combined with alcohol
• intense depressant combination
• Roofies; date rape drug
• These two usually in concert
Steroids
• Anabolic- similar to testosterone
• Androgenic effects- male
• Enhanced strength- promotes
muscular development
• Liver problems, thyroid
• and kidney difficulties
• 1991 classified as controlled, dangerous
substances
• Now on schedule III
Schedules II-V? which drugs?
In paper textbook…read
Laws- See online text!
• Controlled Substances Act in 1970
• Schedules 1-5- based on potential for abuse,
dependence and medical value.
• Schedule I; heroin, LSD, marijuana
• II: barbs and amphetamines
• III: steroids, codeine
• IV: valium, librium
• V: non-narcotic medicines
• Schedule I and II offenses; up to 20 yrs
• Schedules III – V offenses up to 5 yrs.
• Laws in each state are mirrored but not
exact.
• Have changed.
• Laws regarding possession are also
changing. Imprisonment or rehab?
• Legislative discussions in NJ and other
states
Drug Tests
Daubert accepted
• Cocaine: Scott test – blue to pink w/HCl
• Barbituates:Dillie-Koppanyi-violet blue
• Heroin, Morphine: Marquis-purple, orange
brown for amphetamines
• Duquenois-Levine: marijuana, THC,purple
again!
• Van Urk: LSD-blue- purple
• Reagents used are HCl, chloroform
ionization potential is great
• Crystalline tests useful tool
• Identify the crystalline geometry of a
particular drug using the same reagents
under the microscope
• Small quantities?
• P. 257in paper text heroin under scope, b
image with mercuric iodine most useful
• Also, infrared tests and spectrophotometry
can identify substance
• Drug ID in crime labs
• Drug ID with chromatography and
mass spectrometry
from urine, blood and other tissues
noted in toxicology ppt.
Reading to do…
•
•
•
•
Tests for drugs used today
Daubert accepted
Do review questions
Read online text for drug classification
and drug testing information