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Depressants: Alcohol • depresses the sympathetic nervous system. • Alcohol tends to magnify all our tendencies. – Helpful people become more helpful, aggressive more aggressive, sexual or sexual wannabes, more sexual. • People become more self-disclosing. Alcohol addicts • Alcohol addicted people experience debilitating withdrawal symptoms – diarrhea, vomiting and hallucinations. • Children of alcoholics can hold more liquor in their first experience than non COAs – suggests a genetic link. Addiction correlates • Risk taking boys more likely than others. • Mice have been bred to prefer alcohol to water. • Children of alcoholics have a 4X higher rates (about 60%) – Adopted Children of alcoholics still have 4x greater rate. • Age of first use correlates: – Under 15, 60% chance of alcohol problems – Over 21, drops to 7%. Rat Studies: Duke University http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWRMOK vb_xU Depressants: Barbiturates or Downers • Quaaludes, tranquilizers, valium sleeping pills. • All act to suppress the sympathetic nervous system – Taken with alcohol = coma Depressants: Opiates • Heroin, morphine, opium. • Depress the entire neural system. • Give feeling of “blissful pleasure” – some first time users report having orgasms from use. • Highly physically addictive. – Tolerance builds quickly. Withdrawal creates awful symptoms. • Brain stops producing endorphins. Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants • Nicotine, Methamphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy. • Increase heart rate, respiration, breathing,pupils dilate, appetite diminishes, creates energy boost. • Feelings of euphoria, confidence, wellbeing followed by a corresponding crash. Stimulants: Speed/Coke • high doses can deplete natural stores of neurotransmitters. (serotonin, dopamine). • Acts on pleasure system by blocking the reuptake of Serotonin and Dopamine. • Chronic users, heavy doses creates extreme paranoia. Stimulants: Cocaine and Speed • The most highly psychologically addictive. • Rats will hit a lever 1000s of times to get cocaine to the exclusion of food. Ecstasy: MDMA • Ecstasy: amphetamine with mild hallucinogenic effects – can cause dehydration. – Repeated use = brain damage in serotonin system. • Associated with extreme sociability: hugging, touching, etc. • Extreme Euphoria. Hallucinogens • LSD, ecstasy, peyote, mescaline, psilocybin, Marijuana. • Virtual high: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHwwdUOQL8Q • Common to see visual distortion of things that are there. • Heavily influenced by emotional state, and personality: explaining bad trips. Marijuana • 2nd most used drug, about 20% of high schoolers. • Active Ingredient is THC. Can be ingested by eating or smoking. • Mild hallucinogen: distorts time perception, makes it particularly dangerous for driving. Drugs and Consciousness Cheat Sheet • Stimulants – speed up the activity of the CNS – Amphetamines– they increase the release and decrease the removal of norepinephrine and dopamine at synapses causing increased activity at the receptors. They also reduce the activity of GABA – Cocaine – like amphetamines – Caffeine – Nicotine – enhances the action of acetylcholine, increases the release of glutamate, the brain’s primary excitatory neurotransmitter – MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or Ecstasy – similar to amphetamines Drugs and Consciousness Cheat Sheet • Depressants – reduce the activity of the CNS – they increase the availability of GABA , which reduces the activity of many neural circuits. – Alcohol – Tranquilizers – Barbiturates • Opiates/narcotics – agonists for endorphins, HIGHLY addictive because they stimulate glutamate receptors and physically change the neuron structure – neuron comes to require the drug to function properly – Morphine - (an ingredient of opium which is derived from the poppy plant)- Percodan, Demoral – Heroin – derived from morphine but 3x more powerful – Tylenol 3, codeine, percoset, vicodan, oxycotin, Advil Drugs and Consciousness Cheat Sheet • Hallucinogens/psychedelics – LSD – lysergic acid diethylamide 1938 Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann synthesized it from a rye fungus • Hallucinations – time is distorted, sounds cause visual sensations, leave the body • Stimulate serotonin and dopamine receptors in the brain • Flashbacks, trips, not addictive – – – – PCP (Angel Dust) MDMA (Ecstasy) - hallucinations Mescaline (mushrooms) Ketamine – “Special K” an anesthetic used by veterinarians, produces hallucinogenic effects, dissociative experiences. Can also cause enduring amnesia and memory loss. – Marijuana, Mary Jane, weed, Reefer, grass, etc., etc., etc. • Main ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Sleep as a State of Consciousness • Even when you are deeply asleep, your perceptual window is not completely shut –What is our evidence of this? Biological Rhythms and Sleep • Circadian Rhythm – 24 hour cycle of day and night through our biological clock • Body temp rises, peaks, dips, and drops • Thinking is sharpest at peak • Why is pulling an all-nighter a TERRIBLE idea? So what’s going on here… • Let’s take a second to go back to the eye/brain relationship 1. Bright light tweaks circadian clock activating light sensitive retinal proteins SCN Pineal Gland Melatonin (increase/decrease by need) 2. suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the ____________ What has caused us to stay up later and force ourselves awake in the morning? Sleep Stages • Considered different state of consciousness because different parts of brain’s cortex stop communicating • Still-active sleeping brain has its own biological rhythm • Which brain scan is used most in sleep studies? Sleep • Need for sleep varies with individuals – 20 hours for infants – 6 hours for adults in their 70’s Stage 0: A person is relaxed with eyes closed • EEG shows alpha waves • “falling asleep” called hypnagogic state – Lucid dreaming • “waking” period is called hypnopompic state – just ten more minutes… Quiet Sleep: NREM sleep • Stage 1 lasts from 30 secs to 10 min – Characterized by sensory images and slow rolling eye movements – Appearance of theta waves on EEG (mixed with alpha) – May experience hallucinations • Sensation of falling • Most alien abductions happen here Quiet Sleep • Stage 2 lasts 20 minutes – theta waves, sleep spindles, and Kcomplexes on EEG – Sleep spindles: bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity – Sleep talking occurs most here – You are now full on asleep Quiet Sleep • Stage 3 – Transition to stage 4 – Recognized by the beginning of delta waves on EEG Quiet Sleep • Stage 4 – Deep sleep – Lasts 30 min, recognized by 20-50% delta waves in EEG **AMOUNT OF TIME SPENT ON STAGES 3 AND 4 VARIES AS NIGHT PROGRESSES** Active Sleep: REM • Nearly all dreams occur in REM • Dreams are more vivid and story-like than in earlier stages • REM increases during the night – Less than a minute to over an hour – 25% of the night’s sleep • Causes atonia which is temporary paralysis of the body • Brain is active while body shows loss of muscle tone During REM Sleep • • • • Heart rate rises Breathing becomes rapid and irregular Eyes dart around Genitals become aroused – Erections/vaginal lubrication and clitoral engorgement (not dependent on sexual nature of dream) – Men’s erection upon waking stems from the night’s last REM – Typical 25 year old male erections happen for half the night REM Sleep How are you “active” yet not… • Brain’s motor cortex is running… • Brainstem blocks the messages – Muscles relaxed (essentially paralyzed) • REM is called paradoxal sleep – Internally aroused, externally calm • So, how is it that arousal happens when we sleep? Sleep Cycle • Repeats about every 90 minutes • Night progresses, deep stage 4 gets briefer and disappears – REM and stage 2 get longer • By morning, 20 to 25% has been REM – Everyone dreams, we don’t remember most of what we dream – What are the dreams called that we most remember? Why do we sleep? • Without sleep our bodies deteriorate – Functionality/productivity – Aging – Weight gain and metabolism – Suppress immune cells (infections/cancer) – Memory impairment Wait… hold up… you said weight gain? • Sleep deprivations increases hungerarousing hormone – gherlin – and decreases hunger-suppressing hormone – leptin – Increases appetite and eating – Also increases stress hormone – cortisol Sleep Disorders • Insomnia • Narcolepsy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zVCYdrw-1o • Apnea • Parasomnias – SIDS – Jet lag – Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) – Bruxism Dreams • Theoretically based • Freud and driven unconscious Freud’s wish-fulfillment • Psychic safety valve – Safe place to express unacceptable feelings – Hidden meanings – On The Interpretation of Dreams Information-processing • Dreams help sort the day’s events and consolidate our memories – That story about the place with the guy that did the stuff… oh crap I lost it… Physiological function • Brain stimulation during REM = develop and preserve neural pathways Activation-synthesis • REM triggers neural activity to evoke random memories which our brain weaves into stories – Ever had a dream about the first house you lived in or a childhood occurrence? Cognitive development • Dreams reflect individual’s knowledge and understanding of the world around them – Some take it WAY to seriously Hypnosis Can anyone experience hypnosis? • Yes! – Well, sort of – it’s called suggestion Can hypnosis be theraputic? • Maybe kinda sorta not really but in only in some cases… – Posthypnotic suggestion has been found to alleviate headaches, asthma, stress-related disorders • How about pain? – Hmmmm that’s up for debate. How does it work? • Hypnosis is a divided consciousness – According to some or most or any or none • Dissociation: a split in consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others – Remember selective attention?