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’The Age of Extremes’ War’s end ushers in era of turbulance as new countries and governments struggle for stability amidst volatile economies and nationalist forces. Polarised: ’red’ cities, conservative countryside. Despite Lenin’s dreams and short-lived uprisings in Hungary, Vienna, Berlin, communist revolution will next come on Russia’s other border- China. Extreme right-wing in Central Europe feeds on resentment, insecurity, anti-Semitism, love of violence to install military regimes except in ’advanced’ democratic Czechoslovakia Re-arranging the map The League of Nations 40+ countries. Unanimous vote to pass resolution. Settles minor territorial disputes: Sweden-Finland, Greece-Bulgaria, gives ’mandates’ runs Saar. Germany joins 1926. USSR excluded until 1934 Fought drug sellers, slave traders, disease such as leprosy, repatriated POWs, aided refugees. International Labor organisation, Court of Justice. Fails to persuade Poles to withdraw from Vilnius, Italy from Corfu. Seen as ’toothless. Disarmament talks fail in 1923 and again 1932. Japan, German, Italy, Spain pull out in 1930s. The League of Nations Germany in 1920s Hyperinflation due to wartime debt and printing money France, Belgium occupy Ruhr to keep coal flowing 1923. Yet stability restored 1924. Various plans to relieve German war reparations: Dawes Plan 1924 provides US loans to Germany to pay reparations to France, UK so they can pay back US. Young Plan further reduces German loans 1929. Germany economy growing by mid-1920s. Hitler’s putsch has failed, Nazis have only minimal support Wall Street crash causes US to impose higher tariffs on European goods, call in their loans, ruining banks. The Dawes and Young Plans Fascism v. Communism • Italy first ‘fascist’ state under Benito Mussolini in 1922. • Both ‘totalitarian’ in practice: total state control, oneparty rule, leader worship, no free press, individual rights, rely on police, propaganda, youth groups, rallies • Fascism promotes racial superiority, military aggression, traditional roles. Middle class support. • Communism wants equality for all (including women), no private sector, no religion, worldwide revolution. • Both popular in times of economic distress, instability. Propaganda-USSR and Italy World Trade in the early 1930s Elections in Germany 1928-33