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1939-1945 World War II Causes ◼ Primarily a continuation of unresolved issues from 1919 ▪ Treaty of Versailles… ▪ resentment ▪ Adolf Hitler played off the resentment to fain power Global Depression ◼ October 29, 1929, the Great Depression crashed the global economy ▪ US held the debts of England, France, ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Germany When they began to default on the payments, US banks began to falter Set off chain reaction of bank failures globally US also was over producing goods—esp farm products More product = lower prices; lower prices = farmers can’t pay their loans… Banks closed…money supplies dried up Increased Government Involvement ◼ All industrialized nations reorganized gov’ts to be more active in financial matters ◼ Social security, unemployment comp, banking regulations ▪ Italy, Germany, Japan --- fascism ▪ Russia --- now known as USSR --- communism ▪ Completely isolated from global economy Fascism ◼ First introduced in Italy by Benito Mussolini ▪ Gov’t attempted to control economy but allowed private ownership of businesses and other property … ▪ BUT all decisions made by single dictator with massive power ▪ Dissent severely punished – unemployment, jail or death ◼ Appealed to many people globally ▪ Germany, Spain and Japan Nazism ◼ German version of fascism ◼ National Socialist Worker’s Party ◼ Small in 1920s but rapidly rose to power due to weak Weimar gov’t ◼ Opposed to both democracy and communist ◼ Promoted past and future German glories Hitler’s Nazism ◼ Attempted to overthrow Weimar Republic ▪ Beer Hall Pustch ◼ Jailed for 8 months! Wrote Mein Kampf ◼ Gained “rock star” status by giving impassioned speeches about German glory ◼ Used democratic principles to overthrow the republic and create a dictatorship ◼ All done LEGALLY ◼ Used propaganda, lies and murder to retain power Fascist Conquests ◼ Fascism requires conquest to obtain cheap labor and raw material ◼ Desires to unite its people against “enemies” ▪ Except for Spain, fascists attacked their neighbors ▪ Italy invaded North Africa and Ethiopia ▪ Germany invaded Czechoslovakia and Austria Japan ◼ Some historians argue that WWII started in 1931 ◼ Started before they became fascist ◼ Invaded Manchuria in 1931 ▪ Enslaved or killed citizens ▪ Occupied coal mines and factories ◼ Invaded China in 1937 ▪ “Rape of Nanking” The little “yip-yip” dog ◼ AKA: The League of Nations ◼ Did little to stop fascist aggression ◼ Hoped fascists would be satisfied after limited conquests and stop ▪ The policy of APPEASEMENT ▪ Only seemed to encourage the aggressors The Combatants ◼ Axis ▪ Germany – Adolf Hitler ▪ Italy – Benito Mussolini ▪ Japan – Emperor Hirohito, Tojo ◼ Allies ▪ England – Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill ▪ France ▪ USSR – Stalin ▪ US -- FDR Fighting ◼ Different than WWI ▪ Trench warfare and little movement of fronts ◼ Fast moving fronts due to technology ▪ Tanks and Airplanes made trenches impractical ▪ German “blitzkrieg” (lightening war) ▪ Use of motorized and air vehicles to “soften” front ▪ Then send in foot soldiers – if there were people left to fight back European Theatre ◼ Began in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland ▪ By 1940 Germany controlled MOST of Europe ▪ Russian-German non-aggression pact 1939 ▪ Hitler’s “surprise” invasion of Russia in 1941 blew the pact ▪ US enters war due to Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor ▪ Russia joins Allies in 1941 and stayed the course Allied Offensive ◼ Allies invade North Africa 1942 ▪ Operation Torch ◼ Then Italy ◼ Turning point of European theatre “D-Day” ▪ June 1944 Allied invasion of Normandy ▪ Pushed Germans out of France ▪ At the same time Russia marching West ▪ “Race to Berlin” Pacific Theatre ◼ Japan’s attack on China 1937-1945 led to 20 million deaths ◼ 1941 Japan attacked much of Southeast Asia and Pacific islands ◼ Turning point in Pacific – Midway 1943 ◼ US firebombings of Japanese cities in 1945 ◼ August 6 & 9 – atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki brings unconditional surrender Consequences United Nations ◼ Replaced League of Nations ◼ Key differences ▪ US involvement ▪ Headquartered in US, not Europe ▪ UN Security Council has military authority that can be used to stop aggression by “rogue” nations ◼ UN forces involved in Korean and Persian Gulf wars Atomic Power ◼ MAJOR controversy ▪ Military and government supporters of use on Japan claimed it saved lives that would have been lost in conventional invasion on Japan ▪ Critics questioned the morality of it at all and raised concerns about a world armed with nuclear weapons US becomes world power ◼ Europe’s domination of world affairs ends ◼ Both World Wars crippled Europe ◼ US emerged as the only major power (nukes) whose economy and society relatively untouched ◼ UN aided European colonies in Asia and Africa gain independence ▪ Dutch East Indies, Indochina, India, Ghana Holocaust ◼ Example of the worst fascist treatment of “outsiders” ◼ Hitler’s “Final Solution” targeted Jews and other “undesirables” ▪ 6 million Jews, 4 million others ◼ After war UN supported (US & Britain) establishment of democratic Jewish homeland in Palestine (Israel) Start of the Cold War ◼ Global tensions rise immediately between US and USSR ◼ Stalin warns other allies that “Where my troops land, there they will stay” ◼ He controlled much of Eastern Europe