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Lesson 57 Illegal Drug Use Stimulants • Group of drugs that speeds up the activities of the central nervous system • Uppers • Feel alert, awake, and active • Increase – Blood pressure – Heart rate – Breathing rate Stimulants continued • Use of stimulants is always followed by a “crash” – Down period- feelings of weakness, fatigue, sleepiness, sadness and depression • Can develop psychological and physical dependence Stimulants • • • • Amphetamines Cocaine Ephedrine Caffeine Amphetamines • Chemically manufactured stimulants that are highly addictive • First used in the 1930’s to treat narcolepsy • Conditions for uses multiplied • Sold without prescriptions in inhalers and powders Amphetamines • Abuse and bizarre violent behavior among teens and prisoners led to recognition of harmful effects and • Research of very limited therapeutic effects led to • Medical profession reduces use Amphetamines Uses now • Narcolepsy • Certain types of obesity Methamphetamine Stimulant in amphetamine family Effects- short term • Euphoria • Increased alertness • Perception of improved self esteem and self confidence • Increased body temperature • Rapid breathing and heart rate • Impulsiveness Addiction is very likely to occur after 1 use Meth • Effects are similar to cocaine • Major difference is the half-life – the time required for the activity of a substance taken into the body to lose one half its initial effectiveness • The half-life for cocaine is less than 45 minutes • The half-life for meth is 3-6 hours Meth Effects- long-term • • • • Nervousness Irritability Restlessness Insomnia • • • • Drastic weight loss Paranoia Desperation Permanent neurological changes Meth • Death is possible from overdosing • Even after your brain dies your body can suffer – Elevated body temperature – Cardiovascular shock – Convulsions – Tremors – Death Ice • Purest methamphetamine • A.k.a. Crank • Compared to crack, the half-life of ice is 60 times longer Cocaine Stimulant in amphetamine family • Highly addictive drug obtained from the leaves of the coca bush • It can be snorted, smoked or injected • A.k.a. – Coke – Snow – Blow Cocaine • Leaves are soaked in kerosene and sulfuric acid until they begin to break down to form a paste consisting of 2085% of cocaine sulfate is produced • Hydrochloric acid is then used to convert the paste to flakes or rocks of nearly pure cocaine • Colorless or white, odorless powder How Cocaine is Administered • Can be absorbed through a mucous membrane – Circulated in the blood to heart lungs and other organs – Reaches the brain in about 5 minutes Cocaine Administration • Inhaled – Reaches the brain and nervous system in 3 minutes – Effects peak in 15-20 minutes and disappear in 60-90 minutes Cocaine Administration • Injected into a vein – Reaches brain in 15 seconds – 100% absorption of drug – “High” crests in 3-5 minutes and lasts 3040 minutes • Smoked – Reaches brain in 7 seconds Freebase • Freebase is the purified base form of cocaine processed from the paste using volatile (evaporating rapidly; passing off readily in the form of vapor) chemicals • The wisps of smoke produced are inhaled a.k.a. ‘chasing the dragon’ as when used with heroin Initial Effects of Cocaine • Effects are similar to amphetamine • Studies couldn’t distinguish between the effects of the 2 in small doses except that amphetamine’s actions are longer lasting Initial Effects of Cocaine • Cocaine is a vasoconstrictor – Narrows the blood vessels • Appetite is deadened • Cannot sleep • Temperature may rise or fall • Heart rate, blood pressure and breathing speed up • Metabolism is sped up Long-term Effects • • • • Confusion Anxiety Depression Short-tempered • • • • Lose interest in food Aggressive Thinking impaired Difficulty concentrating and remembering Long term Effects • Cocaine psychosis – Have delusions and become paranoid – Visual, auditory or tactile hallucinations – Most common is formication- the sensation of bugs crawling under the skin – Can last days, weeks, even months Long-term Effects Those who sniff cocaine regularly experience • Runny nose • Burns and sores on the nasal membranes • Perforation of the septum between the nostrils • Sore throats • • • • • Hoarseness Shortness of breath Cold sweats Tremors Damage to liver Other Risk • Intravenous users risk: – Hepatitis – HIV – Other blood borne diseases • Freebase smokers – Lung damage • Mucous membranes • Cilia • Elasticity Crack • Named for the sound it makes when it is smoked • Almost pure cocaine • Most accessible and powerful form of cocaine • Works faster than other forms – Takes about 7 seconds to reach the brain Crack • Acts as stimulant and local anestthetgic – Hyper-aroused state in which the user experiences • • • • • a decrease in appetite Rapid breathing Tingling in the fingers Sense of well-being Lowered anxiety Crack • Euphoric state is shorter on crack than cocaine • Cocaine high lasts 1 ½ hours • Crack high 20 to 30 minutes Crack • After coming down, user experiences – Restlessness – Irritability – Depression – Headaches – Convulsions – Insatiable craving for more Ephedrine • Stimulant that is found naturally in the ephedra plant • Common in decongestants • May be used to cook meth • FDA banned over the counter sales of products containing ephedrine Sedative Hypnotics • Group of drugs that depress the nervous system Sedative Hypnotics • Group of drugs that depress the activities of the central nervous system • Sedative- drug that has a calming effect • Hypnotic- drug that produces sleep • Sleeping pills and tranquilizers Sedative Hypnotics Two major types • Barbiturates • Benzodiazepines Barbiturates • Type of sedative hypnotic that used to be prescribed to help people sleep and to relieve tension • Rarely prescribed because of addictive tendancies Barbiturates • About 2500 variations for the barbituric acid have been made • Only about 15 remain in mediucal use • Small doses calm nervous conditons • Large doses cause sleep about 20 to 60 minutes after taking Barbiturates • The effects may progress through successive stages – Sedation – Sleep – Coma – Death *The last of course from misuse or abuse Benzodiazepines • • • • Often prescribed for anxiety Commonly known as tranquilizers Muscle relaxers Anticonvulsants Benzodiazepines • Flunitrazepam – Date rape drug • A.k.a Roofies