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Seminar in Counseling Addictions ECED 6952 Chapter 3: Etiological Theories of Substance of Abuse Dr. Paul F. Hard, LPC-S, NCC Objectives • To provide a brief yet concise anatomical and physiological overview of the brain including how psychoactive substances change the brain’s neurochemistry. • Present research findings, properties, and incidence of use, psychoactive and bodily effects, and withdrawal symptoms of substances classified as depressants, opiates, stimulants, hallucinogens, club drugs, inhalants, and anabolic-androgenic steroids. • Identify gender differences in substance use including effects on fetuses. • Discuss psychoactive agents that are not listed as controlled substances on the DEA’s Controlled Substances Schedule yet are commonly used, surrounded by controversy, and have effects, tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms. • Establish the need for reliable, long-term studies on cannabis use of different populations in order to determine physiological, psychological, emotional, and medical outcomes, and to address the controversy. • Define club drugs, its rising popularity, and the risks taken in dose administration. • Identify factors contributing to the increased and repeated use of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Key Terms & Concepts Etiology Anon-type treatment Responsible child Moral theory Intergenerational studies Adjuster Disease theory Twin studies Placater Genetic theory Adoption studies Scapegoat Systems theory Genetic markers Clown Behavioral theories Acetaldehyde Hero Sociocultural theories ALDH Lost child Biopsychosocial theory MAO Mascot Bill W. & Dr. Bob Homeostasis Chemical-aversion therapy Jellinek Triangulation Social learning theory 12-step program Boundaries Situational antecedents Roles Coalitions Stress dampening response Major Etiological Theories Etiology = cause of the disease • • • • • • • MORAL THEORY DISEASE THEORY BIOLOGICAL / GENETIC THEORIES SYSTEMS THEORY BEHAVIORAL THEORY SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY INTEGRATION OF THEORIES Moral Theory Disease Theory The Case of Pam & Sandy • If both Pam & Sandy have the disease of alcoholism, when would they be considered cured? • If they are not responsible for having the disease, what are thy responsible for? Biological & Genetic Theories Systems Theory Systems Theory • How would strengthening family functioning help to prevent substance aubse in adolescents? • What factors could be developed in Leigh’s family (pp. 103 & 104) to increase her resiliency and reduce her vulnerability to substance abuse? Behavioral Theory Behavioral Theory • Marijuana has long been considered a “gateway drug”. In light of evidence of a developmental sequence in the evolvement of substance abuse, what should kids be told about the dangerousness/non-dangerousness of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana? Sociocultural Theory Sociocultural Theory • In many homes with substance abuse, healthy, nurturing relationships are not modeled for children to learn. How can individuals coming from such a background learn other behavior and break the intergenerational cycle? Integration of Theories