Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 7 States of Consciousness James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers States of Consciousness Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environments Fantasy Prone Personality imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness spends considerable time fantasizing Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms periodic physiological fluctuations Circadian Rhythm the biological clock regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle wakefulness body temperature Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “paradoxical sleep” muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness Sleep and Dreams Measuring sleep activity Brain Waves and Sleep Stages Alpha Waves slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain Delta Waves large, slow waves of deep sleep Hallucinations false sensory experiences Typical Nightly Sleep Stages Awake Sleep stages 1 2 3 REM 4 0 1 2 3 4 Hours of sleep 5 6 7 Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration immune suppression irritability slowed performance accidents • planes • autos and trucks Sleep Disorders Insomnia persistent problems in falling or staying asleep Narcolepsy uncontrollable sleep attacks Sleep Apnea cessation of breathing often associated with snoring repeatedly awakes sufferer Night Terrors and Nightmares Night Terrors Sleep stages Awake 1 2 3 REM 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hours of sleep 7 occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 high arousalappearance of being terrified Nightmares occur towards morning during REM sleep Dreams- Freud Sigmund Freud- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings Manifest Content remembered story line Latent Content underlying, uncensored meaning REM Rebound REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation In other words, When you are sleep deprived you lose out on two types of sleep, REM and NREM (non-REM). Typically when you have a chance to fall asleep after sleep deprivation you have a tendency to get more REM sleep than you would normally get. This is your body's way of trying to catch up on its REM sleep. Others have asked “Why do we dream?” information processing: dreams sift, sort, and interpret gathered information from the day and set it into memory physiological function: exercise for the inactive brain, develop or preserve new neural pathways activation synthesis theory: the brain functions randomly in the night, triggering different areas of the brain, dreams attempt to make sense of the signals Sleep Patterns and Age Near Death Experiences Near Death Experience an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death often similar to druginduced hallucinations Hypnosis Hypnosis a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur a relaxed state Hypnosis Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion Hypnotic Suggestibility related to subject’s openness to suggestion ability to focus attention inwardly ability to become imaginatively absorbed Hypnosis Orne & Evans (1965) control group instructed to “pretend” unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones Posthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors Hypnosis and Pain Dissociation a split in consciousness allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others Hidden Observer Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters perceptions and alters mood Physical Dependence physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms Psychological Dependence a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions Dependence Big effect Drug effect Tolerance need for progressively larger doses to achieve same effect Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Little effect Small Withdrawal Large Drug dose discomfort and distress with discontinued use Psychoactive Drugs Depressants drugs that reduce neural activity slow body function alcohol, barbiturates, opiates Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity speed up body function caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD Psychoactive Drugs Barbiturates drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement Psychoactive Drugs Opiates opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety Psychoactive Drugs Amphetamines drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes Cocaine Euphoria and Crash Psychoactive Drugs LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid THC the major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations Psychoactive Drugs Drug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse Effects Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition Depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria, relief from pain Depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawal Caffeine Stimulant Increased alertness and wakefulness Anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal Metham- Stimulant phetamine Euphoria, alertness, energy Irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, confidence, energy Cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash Nicotine Stimulant Arousal and relaxation, sense of well-being Heart disease, cancer (from tars) Marijuana Mild Enhanced sensation, pain relief Lowered sex hormones, disrupted hallucinogen distortion of time, relaxation memory, lung damage from smoke Trends in Drug Use 80% High school seniors reporting drug use 70 60 50 Alcohol 40 Marijuana/ hashish 30 20 Cocaine 10 0 1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 Year ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99