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Central Nervous System Stimulants Constricted Blood Vessels Increased Pulse Increased Blood Pressure Increased Energy, alertness, and strength Euphoria Decreased appetite Drug Effects on Neurotransmission: Nicotine Acts on cell body in VTA to increase number of action potentials Also binds to receptors on axon terminals in nucleus accumbens to release more dopamine with each action potential Nicotine’s Impact on Nerve Cells Nicotine binds to presynaptic neuron receptors Causing neuron to excite-firing more action potentials More dopamine is released Drug Effects on the Cell Drugs of abuse all directly or indirectly increase dopamine binding to post synaptic receptor with acute behavioral effects Chronically, this increases cAMP levels and leads to a cascade of changed cell activity Drug Effects on Neurotransmission: Caffeine Mild Stimulant Prevents another chemical (adenosine) from binding to its receptor (antagonist) –Adenosine is a natural sleep inducer Drug Effects on Neurotransmission: Cocaine Blocks the dopamine transporter Rapid rise of dopamine in synapse – Binds post synaptic receptors – Initial Euphoria Cocaine’s Impact on Nerve Cells Cocaine blocks dopamine transporter Inhibits reuptake of dopamine Prolonging the stimulation Other Chronic Drug Effects Cell Death – Neurons don’t grow back Alcohol, ecstasy, meth Effect memory, mood, learning Your Brain on Drugs 1-2 Min 3-4 6-7 7-8 9-10 10-20 5-6 8-9 20-30 Your Brain After Drugs Persistent Effects of Drug Use Amygdala not lit up Amygdala activated Front of Brain Back of Brain Nature Video Cocaine Video Cues for Cocaine and Normal Pleasures Activate Brain Sites Childress, 1999 Cues for Cocaine – Cocaine abusers may experience a powerful urge to use when they encounter environmental cues associated with use – Limbic regions of the brain are activated when watching cocaine- related videos Childress, 1999 Persistent Effects of Drug As a result of intracellular changes, the previously cocaine addicted brain has persistently altered functioning (craving) Environmental Cues