Download Chapter 23

1
MONEY DEMAND,
THE EQUILIBRIUM INTEREST
RATE, AND MONETARY POLICY
Chapter 23
MONEY DEMAND, THE EQUILIBRIUM
INTEREST RATE, AND MONETARY POLICY
monetary policy The behavior of the Central Bank
concerning the money supply
interest The fee that borrowers pay to lenders for the
use of their funds
interest rate The annual interest payment on a loan
expressed as a percentage of the loan
• Equal to the amount of interest received per year divided by
the amount of the loan
interest received per year
Interest rate 
x100
amount of the loan
2
3
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
• When we speak of the demand for money, we are
concerned with how much of your financial assets
you want to hold in the form of money, which
does not earn interest, versus how much you
want to hold in interest-bearing securities, such
as bonds
• The total amount of financial assets are divided
into two; money and interest-bearing securities
4
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
• How much money to hold involves a trade-off
between the liquidity of money and the interest
income offered by other kinds of assets
THE TRANSACTION MOTIVE
transaction motive The main reason that people
hold money instead of interest-bearing assets—to
buy things
5
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
• There are only two kinds of assets available to
households: bonds and money
• The interest rate represents the opportunity cost
of holding money and therefore not holding
bonds, which pay interest
• The higher the interest rate is, the higher the
opportunity cost of holding money and the less
money people will want to hold
• When interest rates are high, people want to
take advantage of the high return on bonds, so
they choose to hold very little money
6
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
The Demand Curve for Money Balances
7
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
• The quantity of money demanded is a function of
the interest rate
• At higher interest rates, bonds are much more
attractive than money, so people hold less money
because they must make a large sacrifice in
interest (that is the “price” of money) for the
amount of money they hold
• The money demand slopes downward
• There is an inverse relationship between the
interest rate and the quantity of money
demanded
8
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
• Another theory to explain why the quantity of
money households desire to hold may rise when
interest rates fall and fall when interest rate rise
involves household expectations and the
relationship of interest rates to bond values
• When market interest rates fall, bond values rise;
when market interest rates rise, bond values fall
9
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
• Suppose I bought an 8% bond a year ago for 1000 TL
• Now suppose the market interest rate rises to 10%
• If I offered to sell my bond for 1000 TL, no one would buy it
•
•
•
•
•
because anyone can buy a new bond and earn 10% in the market
instead of 8% of my bond
If I lower the price, this lower price will increase the actual yield to
the buyer of my bond
Suppose I sell my bond for 500 TL
On original, the bond is paying 8%, that is 80 TL per year
However, for the actual taker of the bond at 500 TL, it comes 16%
percent of his investment in the bond
(500 TL X 0.16 = 80 TL)
If you bought the same bond from me for about 800 TL, it would
pay you 10% interest (800 TL x 0.1 =80 TL)
10
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
THE SPECULATION MOTIVE
speculation motive One reason for holding
bonds instead of money: Because the market
value of interest-bearing bonds is inversely
related to the interest rate, investors may wish to
hold bonds when interest rates are high with the
hope of selling them when interest rates fall
11
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
• If someone buys a 10-year bond with a fixed rate
of 10%, and a newly issued 10-year bond pays
12%, then the old bond paying 10% will have
fallen in value
• Higher bond prices mean that the interest a buyer
is willing to accept is lower than before
• When interest rates are high (low) and expected
to fall (rise), demand for bonds is likely to be high
(low) thus money demand is likely to be low
(high)
12
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
THE TOTAL DEMAND FOR MONEY
• The total quantity of money demanded in the economy is
the sum of the demand for checking account balances
and cash by both households and firms
• At any given moment, there is a demand for money—for
cash and checking account balances
• Although households and firms need to hold balances for
everyday transactions, their demand has a limit
• For both households and firms, the quantity of money
demanded at any moment depends on the opportunity
cost of holding money, a cost determined by the interest
rate
13
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
• As previously stated, the money demand curve is a
function of the interest rate
• There are other factors besides the interest rate that
influence total desired money holdings
• One is the value of transactions made during a given
period of time
• The total demand for money in the economy depends
on the total volume of transactions made
14
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
• The total volume of transactions in the economy, in
turn, depends on two things: the total number of
transactions and the average transactions amount
• A reasonable indicator for the total number of
transactions is aggregate output (income) Y
• A rise in aggregate output means firms producing and selling
more, more people are on payrolls, and household incomes
are higher
• There are more transactions
• Firms and households will hold more money
• Thus increase in aggregate output (income) will
increase the demand for money
15
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
TRANSACTIONS VOLUME AND THE PRICE LEVEL
An Increase in Aggregate Output (Income) (Y) Will Shift the Money
Demand Curve to the Right
16
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
• For a given interest rate, a higher level of output
means an increase in the number of transactions and
more demand for money
• The money demand curve shifts to the right when Y rises
• Similarly, a decrease in Y means a decrease in the
number of transactions and a lower demand for
money
• The money demand curve shifts to the left when Y falls
17
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
• The amount of money needed by firms and
households to facilitate their day-to-day
transactions also depends on the average
amount of each transaction
• In turn, the average amount of each transaction
depends on prices, or instead, on the price level
• If all prices were to double, firms and
households would need more money balances
to carry out their day-to-day transactions-each
transaction would require twice as much money
18
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
• Increases in the price level shift the money
demand curve to the right
• Decreases in the price level shift the money
demand curve to the left
• Even though the number of transactions may not
have changed, the quantity of money needed to
engage in them has
19
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
Determinants of Money Demand
1. The interest rate: r (negative effect causes downward-sloping money demand)
2. The volume of transactions (positive effects shift the money demand curve)
a. Aggregate output (income): Y (positive effect: money demand shifts right
when Y increases)
b. The price level: P (positive effect: money demand shifts right when P
increases)
20
THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
Some Common Pitfalls
• Money demand is not a flow measure
• Instead, it is a stock variable, measured at a given point in
time
• Many people think of money demand and saving as
roughly the same—they are not
• Recall the difference between a shift in a demand
curve and a movement along the curve
• Changes in the interest rate cause movements along the
curve—changes in the quantity of money demanded
21
THE EQUILIBRIUM INTEREST RATE
• We are now in a position to consider one of the
key questions in macroeconomics: How is the
interest rate determined in the economy?
• The point at which the quantity of money
demanded equals the quantity of money supplied
determines the equilibrium interest rate in the
economy
22
THE EQUILIBRIUM INTEREST RATE
SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN THE MONEY MARKET
If the interest rate is initially high
enough to create an excess supply of
money, the interest rate will
immediately fall, discouraging people
from moving out of money and into
bonds
If the interest rate is initially low
enough to create an excess demand
for money, the interest rate will
immediately rise, discouraging
people from moving out of bonds
and into money
Adjustments in the Money Market
23
THE EQUILIBRIUM INTEREST RATE
CHANGING THE MONEY SUPPLY TO AFFECT THE
INTEREST RATE
The Effect of an Increase in the Supply of Money
on the Interest Rate
24
THE EQUILIBRIUM INTEREST RATE
INCREASES IN Y AND SHIFTS IN THE MONEY
DEMAND CURVE
An increase in Y shifts the money
demand curve to the right
An increase in the price level is like
an increase in Y in that both events
increase the demand for money
The result is an increase in the
equilibrium interest rate
A decrease in the price level leads to
a decrease in the equilibrium interest
rate
The Effect of an Increase in Income
on the Interest Rate
25
THE CENTRAL BANK AND MONETARY
POLICY
• The Central Bank’s use of its power to influence
events in the goods market, as well as in the money
market, is the center of the government’s monetary
policy
tight monetary policy Central Bank policies that
contract the money supply in an effort to restrain the
economy
easy monetary policy Central Bank policies that
expand the money supply in an effort to stimulate the
economy