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Transcript
CHAPTER 16 ENDOCRINE control systems • nervous system • endocrine system nervous system • • • • • • • • • • vs endocrine system neurotransmitters hormones axon blood adjacent target cell distant target cells receptors receptors fast action slower to act short term effect long term effects muscles ; glands any cell, organ depolarize target cell stim specific cellular function expensive cheaper Endocrine system • • • • • several separate organs function separately release hormone into capillaries hormone circulated in blood endocrine vs exocrine Endocrine Glands • • • • • • • • • • • • Hypothalamus Pituitary anterior + posterior Pineal gland Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla Kidney Pancreas Ovary follicle ; corpus luteum Testes pure vs not so pure • pure endocrine glands pituitary pineal thyroid parathyroid adrenal • organs with endocrine cells hypothalamus pancreas thymus ovaries testes Thyroid gland • • 2 lateral lobes + isthmus follicles – – • follicular cells – – – produce thyroid hormone increase metabolism , heat = thyroxine lumen stores hormone ascolloid parafollicular (C) cells produce calcitonin decreases blood calcium Parathryroid glands • • • • 4+ glands on posterior side of thyroid gland chief cells Parathyroid hormone • • produce PTH PTH made by chief cells increases blood calcium Adrenal gland • • • 2 separate endocrine glands adrenal cortex outer adrenal medulla inner Adrenal medulla • 2 hormones • chromaffin cells • • – epinephrine norepinephrine “catecholamines” postganglionic sympathetic cells “fight or flight” more long term than Sympathetic n.s. Adrenal cortex • 3 layers : – – – zona glomerulosa outer aldosterone zona fasciculata middle cortisol zona reticularis inner androgens Adrenal cortex hormones • • hormones: corticosteroids aldosterone mineralcorticoids • increase Na reabsorption in kidney • cortisol • androgens glucocorticoids • glucose sparing • anti-inflammatory • testosterone • estrogen - increases BP Pancreas • • • endocrine pancreatic islets – alpha (α) cells – beta (β) cells = islets of Langerhans glucagon – increases blood glucose insulin – decreases blood glucose exocrine Diseases of Pancreas • • • hypoglycemia = low blood glucose hyperglycemia = high blood glucose Diabetes Mellitus – – type 1 hyperglycemia Insulin dependent – IDDM decrease Beta cells type 2 congenital (autoimmune) non Insulin dependent NIDDM – decrease Insulin receptors Thymus • • thymic hormones maturation of T lymphocytes Pineal gland • • • epithalamus melatonin circadian rhythms sleep patterns stim by hypothalamus Kidney • • renin • raise BP renin - angiotensin erythropoietin stim erythropoiesis Ovary • • follicle (granulosa cells) • estrogen ovum develop uterus develop corpus luteum • progesterone • estrogen uterus develop mammary glands mammary ducts Testes • interstitial cells – testosterone sperm maturation accessory sex glands Hypothalamus • • • • “master gland” of the endocrine system ADH = antidiuretic hormone water reabsorption oxytocin uterine contractions milk secretion releasing hormones RH controls anterior pituitary Pituitary • • • • = Hypophysis infundibulum stalk connecting to hypothalamus Posterior Pituitary neurohypophysis = pars nervosa Anterior Pituitary adenohypophysis = pars distalis Posterior Pituitary • • • • = neurohypophysis hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract – axons from Hypothalamus releases hormones : – – ADH Oxytocin hormones made in hypothalamus released from posterior pituitary Anterior Pituitary • • • • = adenohypophysis hypophyseal portal system – RH from hypothalamus direct hormones stimulating hormones Anterior Pituitary • • direct hormones • GH • PRL growth hormone (growth) prolactin (milk production) stimulating hormones • TSH • ACTH • FSH • LH thyroid stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone follicle stimulating hormone (estrogen) luteinizing hormone (progesterone) other endocrine structures • • • • heart atrial natriuretic peptide ANP skin cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) digestive tract gastrin secretin cholecystokinin adipose androgen to estrogen limbic system • • • affects hypothalamus emotions thoughts