Download Ch16 Endocrine

CHAPTER 16 ENDOCRINE
control systems
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nervous system
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endocrine system
nervous system
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vs
endocrine system
neurotransmitters
hormones
axon
blood
adjacent target cell
distant target cells
receptors
receptors
fast action
slower to act
short term effect
long term effects
muscles ; glands
any cell, organ
depolarize target cell
stim specific cellular function
expensive
cheaper
Endocrine system
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several separate organs
function separately
release hormone into capillaries
hormone circulated in blood
endocrine vs exocrine
Endocrine Glands
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Hypothalamus
Pituitary
anterior + posterior
Pineal gland
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
Kidney
Pancreas
Ovary
follicle ; corpus luteum
Testes
pure vs not so pure
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pure endocrine glands
pituitary
pineal
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
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organs with endocrine cells
hypothalamus
pancreas
thymus
ovaries
testes
Thyroid gland
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2 lateral lobes + isthmus
follicles
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follicular cells
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produce thyroid hormone
increase metabolism , heat
= thyroxine
lumen
stores hormone ascolloid
parafollicular (C) cells
produce calcitonin
decreases blood calcium
Parathryroid glands
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4+ glands
on posterior side of thyroid gland
chief cells
Parathyroid hormone
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produce PTH
PTH
made by chief cells
increases blood calcium
Adrenal gland
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2 separate endocrine glands
adrenal cortex
outer
adrenal medulla
inner
Adrenal medulla
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2 hormones
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chromaffin cells
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epinephrine
norepinephrine
“catecholamines”
postganglionic sympathetic cells
“fight or flight”
more long term than Sympathetic n.s.
Adrenal cortex
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3 layers :
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zona glomerulosa outer
aldosterone
zona fasciculata
middle
cortisol
zona reticularis
inner
androgens
Adrenal cortex hormones
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hormones:
corticosteroids
aldosterone
mineralcorticoids
• increase Na reabsorption in kidney
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cortisol
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androgens
glucocorticoids
• glucose sparing
• anti-inflammatory
• testosterone
• estrogen
- increases BP
Pancreas
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endocrine
pancreatic islets
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alpha (α) cells
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beta (β) cells
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islets of Langerhans
glucagon
– increases blood glucose
insulin
– decreases blood glucose
exocrine
Diseases of Pancreas
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hypoglycemia
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low blood glucose
hyperglycemia
=
high blood glucose
Diabetes Mellitus
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type 1
hyperglycemia
Insulin dependent
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IDDM
decrease Beta cells
type 2
congenital (autoimmune)
non Insulin dependent
NIDDM
– decrease Insulin receptors
Thymus
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thymic hormones
maturation of T lymphocytes
Pineal gland
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epithalamus
melatonin
circadian rhythms
sleep patterns
stim by hypothalamus
Kidney
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renin
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raise BP
renin - angiotensin
erythropoietin
stim erythropoiesis
Ovary
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follicle (granulosa cells)
• estrogen
ovum develop
uterus develop
corpus luteum
• progesterone
• estrogen
uterus develop
mammary glands
mammary ducts
Testes
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interstitial cells
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testosterone
sperm maturation
accessory sex glands
Hypothalamus
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“master gland” of the endocrine system
ADH = antidiuretic hormone
water reabsorption
oxytocin
uterine contractions
milk secretion
releasing hormones RH
controls anterior pituitary
Pituitary
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= Hypophysis
infundibulum
stalk connecting to hypothalamus
Posterior Pituitary
neurohypophysis
= pars nervosa
Anterior Pituitary
adenohypophysis
= pars distalis
Posterior Pituitary
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= neurohypophysis
hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
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axons from Hypothalamus
releases hormones :
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ADH
Oxytocin
hormones made in hypothalamus
released from posterior pituitary
Anterior Pituitary
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= adenohypophysis
hypophyseal portal system
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RH from hypothalamus
direct hormones
stimulating hormones
Anterior Pituitary
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direct hormones
• GH
• PRL
growth hormone
(growth)
prolactin
(milk production)
stimulating hormones
• TSH
• ACTH
• FSH
• LH
thyroid stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
follicle stimulating hormone (estrogen)
luteinizing hormone (progesterone)
other endocrine structures
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heart
atrial natriuretic peptide
ANP
skin
cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)
digestive tract
gastrin
secretin
cholecystokinin
adipose
androgen to estrogen
limbic system
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affects hypothalamus
emotions
thoughts