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Creative Strategy: Planning
and Development
Young's Creative Process
Immersion
Getting raw material, data, immersing
one's self in the problem to get the
background.
Digestion
Ruminating on the data acquired,
turning it this way and that in the
mind.
Incubation
Ceasing analysis and putting the
problem out of conscious mind for
a time.
Illumination
A sudden inspiration or intuitive
revelation about a potential solution.
Verification
Studying the idea, evaluating it, and
developing it for practical usefulness.
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Wallas’ View of the Creative Process
Verification
Refining
the Idea
Preparation
Gathering
Information
The
Creative
Process
Verification
Illumination
Refining
Seeing
the
the
Idea
Solution
Incubation
Setting
Problem
Aside
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Types of Research
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Secondary research vs. Primary research
Qualitative research vs. Quantitative research
Secondary Research
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Background research that uses available
published information about a topic
Secondary information sources
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Government organization
Trade association
Secondary research suppliers
Secondary information on the Internet
Primary Research
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Information that is collected for the first time
from original sources
Primary research suppliers, e.g. A. C. Nielsen,
SMRB, and MRI.
Qualitative Research
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Qualitative research provides insight into the
underlying reasons for how consumers behave and
why.
It is used early in the process of developing an
advertising plan or message strategy for generating
insights, as well as questions and hypotheses for
additional research.
Pros: (1) confirming hunches; (2) ruling out bad
approaches and questionable or confusing ideas; (3)
giving direction to the message strategy.
Cons: not able to draw conclusion
Quantitative Research
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Quantitative research delivers numerical data
such as number of users and purchases,
their attitudes and knowledge, their exposure
to ads, and other market-related information.
Two characteristics: (1) large sample sizes;
(2) random sampling.
It is usually designed to either accurately
count something, such as sales levels, or to
predict something, such as attitudes.
The Uses of Research
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Market information
Consumer insight research
Media research
Message development
Evaluation research
Market Information
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Market research is used to gather information about
a particular market – consumers, as well as
competitive brands.
Market information includes everything a planner
can uncover about consumer perceptions of the
brand, product category, and competitors’ brands.
Brand information includes an assessment of the
brand’s role and performance in the marketplace.
This research also investigates how people
perceived brand personalities and images.
Consumer Insight
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Know about the people they are trying to reach as
much, deep and detailed as possible
Demographic and psychographic information is used
to describe the target audience.
Objective: puzzle out a key consumer insight that
will help move the target audience to respond to the
message.
Identifying the consumer insight is the responsibility
of the account planner.
Case: The Army Marches to a
Different Drummer
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The well-known “Be all you can be” campaign theme
Burnett’s research: (1) perceptions of the Army; (2)
the “Be all you can be” theme; (3) the current
“$50,000” ads.
Army’s need
The “Me. Now” philosophy of today’s youth
Key insights: The target’s need for empowerment
paralleled the Army’s need for highly trained
individual who could think for themselves as they
operated the sophisticated new technology.
Media Research
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Gather information about all the possible
media and marketing communication tools
that might be used in a campaign to deliver a
message.
Media researchers then match that
information to what is known about the target
audience.
The Use of Research in
Message Development
The three stages in message development
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1.
2.
3.
Preparation research (background research)
Consumer research
Development research
Background Research
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Background research is used to familiarize
advertising planners with the market situation.
Secondary & primary research
Types of background research
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The brand experience
Competitive analysis
An advertising audit
Content analysis
Semiotic analysis
The Brand Experience
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Learn about the brand – going through all the
experiences that a typical consumers has
buying and using the product.
It is the first thing the agency team has to do.
It’s also a form of commitment.
An Advertising Audit
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Collect every possible piece of advertising
and other forms of marketing communication
by the brand, as well as its competitors’, and
other relevant categories that may have
lessons for the brand.
It includes a historical collection, as well.
Content Analysis
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More formal and systematic tabulation of
competitors’ approaches and strategies
It provides clues to how competitors are
thinking, and suggests ways to develop new
and more effective campaigns.
It helps planners to determine what mental
territories or positions are claimed by
competitors.
Semiotic Analysis
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Semiotic analysis is a way to take apart the signs
and symbols in a message to uncover layers and
types of meanings.
The objective is to find deeper meanings in the
symbolism and meanings, particularly as they relate
to different groups of consumers.
Its focus is on determining the meanings, even if
they are not obvious or highly symbolic, that might
relate to consumer motivations.
Example: GM’ OnStar GPS used a Batman theme,
e.g. Alfred, Leap, and Vicky Vale.
What is the symbolic meaning
of this Levi ad?
The Model
The Clothes
The Setting
The
Statement
The Tag Line
Consumer Research
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Ways of contact
Survey research
In-depth interviews
Focus group
Observation research
Ethnographic research
Diaries
Other qualitative methods
Ways of Contact
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Mail: not biased or distorted by interviewers,
simple and clearly worded question, low
response rate.
Telephone: quick, interactive, higher response
rate than mail.
Personal interview: most versatile, expensive
and require more administrative planning and
supervision.
Online interview: convenient.
Survey Research
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Learn about people’s knowledge, beliefs,
preferences, and satisfaction, and to
measure these magnitudes in the general
population.
Best suited for descriptive research
Major advantage – flexibility, e.g. Bissell’s
Steam’n Clean.
Limitations – subject’s language, privacy,
incapability, boasting, or cooperation.
In-Depth Interviews
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An in-depth interview is a qualitative method
conducted one-on-one using open-ended
questions that require the respondents to
generate their own answers.
The primary difference between an interview
and a survey is the interview’s use of an
unstructured questionnaire.
Focus Group Research
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A focus group is a gathering of 6 to 10 people
who are invited to spend a few hours with a
skilled moderator to discuss a product, service,
organization, or other marketing entity.
Useful exploratory step
Avoid generalizing the reported feelings of the
focus-group participants to the whole market.
Focus group research in progress
Outline of Focus Group Interview
Friendship Focus Group
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Friendship focus group is used in a
comfortable setting, usually people’s homes,
where the participants have been recruited by
the host.
This approach is designed to break down
barriers and save time in getting to more indepth responses.
A self-constructed friendship group was
easier to assemble and yielded more honest
and candid response.
Observation Research
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Observation research takes researchers into
natural settings where they note the behavior
of consumers using video, audio, and
disposable cameras to record consumers’
behavior at home (with consumer consent), in
stores, or wherever people buy and use their
products.
A market will often use observation in the
aisles of grocery, drug, and discount stores to
watch people making their product selection.
Examples of Observation
Research
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Shoppers often zip through the snack aisle,
spending only 42.7 seconds there, whereas they
spend more than twice that in the coffee aisle.
Only 34% of shoppers who don’t have baskets
actually purchase something, while 75% of shoppers
with baskets buy some items.
A woman who shops with another woman spends
twice as much time in the store than if she shops
with a man.
Basha’s Market’s greeting cards – 18% → 62% and
sales↑40%.
Observational Research
Fisher-Price set up an observation lab in which it could observe the reactions of
little tots to new toys.
Ethnographic Research
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Ethnographic research involves the researcher in
living the lives of the people being studied.
Observe consumers in their “natural environments.”
Examples: Sunbeam’s Coleman Grill; OnceFamous.
OnceFamous
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A unique ethnographic laboratory for studying
consumer behavior in a natural setting.
Some interesting results: man (e.g. Brookstone,
Sharper Image) vs. woman (e.g. Pottery Barn); cool
colors vs. warm colors; turn left vs. turn right.
Diaries
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Consumers are asked to record their activities
through the use of diaries.
Pros: (1) catch the consumer in a more realistic,
normal life pattern; (2) lead to re-creation of a day in
the life of a consumer.
It is valuable in media research because they tell
media planners exactly what programs and ads the
consumers watch.
Beeper diaries are used as a way to randomize the
recording of activities.
Other Qualitative Methods
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Cognitive psychologist have learned that human
beings think more in images than words.
Researchers try through pictures to uncover mental
processes that guide consumer behavior.
Some scholars believe that the conventional wisdom
about consumer research, such as using interviews
and focus groups that rely on talking to people and
grilling them about their tastes and buying habits, is
only good for getting back predictable answers.
Other Qualitative Methods
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Methods:
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Fill-in-the-Blanks (填空)
Purpose-driven Games (目的導向的遊戲)
Story elicitation (說故事)
Artifact creation (居家事物的描繪), e.g. life collages (生活拼
湊), day mapping (一天生活描述), and construction of
instruction books (指導手冊的建構).
Photo elicitation (看圖說故事)
Photo sorts (照片分類)
Metaphors (隱喻)
Photo Sort
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照片歸類法是由美國最大的廣告代理公司－環球BBDO公司
(BBDO Worldwide)開發出來的一種已經註冊成商標的技術。
在測試中，受試者通過研究人員特殊安排的一組照片來表述他們
對品牌的感受。
例如，BBDO與啤酒市場上的100名目標消費者進行了面談，這些
人是男性，年齡在21～29歲之間，每週至少喝6瓶啤酒。使用照片
歸類法，調查人員向每一位受測試者出示了98張照片，要求他們
將每張照片上的人與其可能選擇的啤酒品牌對應起來。結果，受
訪者認為喝巴德(Bud)啤酒的人看起來是粗魯暴躁的藍領工人。相
比之下，喝米勒啤酒的人是有教養而且和善的高級藍領工人。
讓一周至少喝6瓶啤酒的人歸類，哪些人喝什麼啤酒，這樣很容易
給商品定位。
Validity & Reliability
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Validity means that the research actually
measures what it says it measures.
Reliability means that you can run the same
test again and get the same answer.
Creative Strategy Development
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Advertising campaigns
Copy platform (文案大綱、文案規範)
The search for the major selling idea
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Unique selling proposition
Creating a brand image
Finding the inherent drama
Positioning
Advertising Campaigns
Integrated
Interrelated
Coordinated
Marketing
Communication
Activities
Centered on a
Theme or Idea
In Different
Media
Over a Time
Period
Advertising Campaigns
The central message that will be
communicated
in all of the various IMC activities
Miller
Philip Morris
Lite
“
Marlbor
o country”
BMW
“
The
ultimate
driving
machine”
General Mills,
Wheaties
“The
breakfast of
champions”
Case: 全聯福利中心

2006 – 我們省下錢，給你更便宜的價格
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找不到篇
豪華旗艦店篇
2007 – 便宜一樣有好貨
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便宜背後的真相
面紙篇
洗髮精篇
米果篇
Top 10 Advertising Slogans of the Century
Company or Brand
Campaign Theme
1. De Beers
Diamonds are forever
2. Nike
Just do it!
3. Coca Cola
The pause that refreshes
4. Miller Lite
Tastes great, less filling
5. Avis
We try harder
6. Maxwell House
Good to the last drop
7. Wheaties
Breakfast of champions
8. Clairol
Does she . . . or doesn’t she?
9. Morton Salt
When it rains it pours
10. Wendy’s
Where’s the beef?
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copy Platform
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The written copy platform specifies the basic
elements of the creative strategy.
Different agencies may call this document a
creative platform, work plan, creative brief,
creative blueprint, or creative contract.
Copy Platform
6. Supporting information and requirements
5. Creative
Creativestrategy
strategy
statement
statement
4. Selling idea or key benefits to communicate
3. Specify
Specifytarget
target
audience
audience
2.
and communications
communications objectives
objectives
2. Advertising
Advertising and
1. Basic
advertising
must
address
Basicproblem
problem
advertising
must
address
Major Selling Ideas
Positioning
Use a Unique
the
SellingBrand
Proposition
Create
Use a Unique
a Brand
Selling
Image
Position
Seeking the
Major Idea
Positioning
Find
Create
thethe
Inherent
Brand
Drama
Image
Perspectives of Great Ad Men on
the Major Selling Idea
David Ogilvy
Leo Burnett
Brand image or personality
is particularly important
when brands are similar
Find the inherent drama or
characteristic of the
product that makes
consumers buy it
“Every ad must
contribute to the complex
symbol that is the brand
image.”
“(Inherent drama) is often
hard to find but it is always
there, and once found it is
the most interesting and
believable of all
advertising appeals.”
Unique Selling Proposition
Unique Selling
Proposition
Benefit
Unique
Potent
Buy this product
or service and
you will benefit
this way or
enjoy this
reward
Must be unique
to this brand or
claim; something
rivals can't or
don't offer
The promise
must be strong
enough or
attractive
enough to move
people
Creating a Brand Image
Used when competing brands are so
similar it is difficult to find or create a
unique attribute
The creativity sales strategy is based on
a strong, memorable brand identity
through image advertising
Often used for products such as soft
drinks, perfume, liquor, clothing,
airlines
Reebok Uses Image Advertising
Finding Inherent Drama
Inherent
Drama
Messages generally presented
in a warm, emotional way
Hallmark, Maytag,
McDonald’s,
Maytag,
Kellogg
Kellogg
Focus on consumer benefits
with an emphasis on the
dramatic element in expressing
them
Positioning
Positioning
Establish a particular place in
the customer’s mind for the
product or service
Based on product attributes/
benefits, price/quality, use or
application, type of user, problem
solved, e.g. Pennzoil – 1, 2.
IBM Positions Itself as a Provider of
Business and Consulting Services