Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Organic Chemistry The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties. The vast majority of organic compounds contain chains or rings of carbon atoms. 22_502 H H H H C H C H 22_501 sp2 sp2 sp2 H1s sp2 sp2 C C sp2 H1s 2p 22_504 2p 2p 2p H1s H1s 2p H C H C sp 2p 2p 2p sp 2p sp Bonds Hydrocarbons . . . compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen. Saturated: carbon-carbon bonds are all single alkanes [CnH2n+2] H H H C C H H H Hydrocarbons (continued) Unsaturated: contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds. H H H C H C H C H Types of Hydrocarbons Types of Hydrocarbons Rules for Naming Alkanes 1. For alkanes beyond butane, add -ane to the Greek root for the number of carbons. C-C-C-C-C-C = hexane 2. Alkyl substituents: drop the -ane and add -yl. -C2H5 is ethyl Rules for Naming Alkanes 3. Positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain sequentially. C C-C-C-C-C-C 3-methylhexane 4. Location and name are followed by root alkane name. Substituents in alphabetical order and use di-, tri-, etc. Alkanes Hydrocarbons Cyclic Alkanes Carbon atoms can form rings containing only carbon-carbon single bonds. C3H6, C4H8, C6H12 22_499 C No "head-on" overlap of atomic orbitals 109.5 60 C (a) (b) C Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carboncarbon double bond. [CnH2n] CC=C propene Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing a carboncarbon triple bond. CCCCC 2-pentyne Nomenclature for Alkenes 1. Root hydrocarbon name ends in -ene C2H4 is ethene 2. With more than 3 carbons, double bond is indicated by the lowest numbered carbon atom in the bond. C=CCC is 1-butene Aromatic Compounds Refinery Processes Cracking: large molecules broken down to smaller ones by breaking carbon-carbon bonds. Pyrolysis (thermal cracking): The process that produces cracking at high temperatures. Catalytic Cracking: Cracking at lower temperatures. Catalytic reforming: Alkanes and cycloalkanes converted to aromatic compounds. Reactions and Functional Groups A special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons. Cl FeCl3 + Cl2 benzene + HCl Chlorobenzene The Common Functional Groups Class General Formula Halohydrocarbons RX Alcohols ROH Ethers ROR O R C H Aldehydes The Common Functional Groups Class Ketones Carboxylic Acids Esters Amines General Formula O R C R' O R C OH O R C O R' RNH2 Functional Groups Functional Groups Naming Naming Naming Naming Naming Naming Polymers . . . are large, usually chainlike molecules that are built from small molecules called monomers. Monomer Ethylene Vinyl chloride Tetrafluoroethylene Polymer Polyethylene Polyvinyl chloride Teflon Types of Polymerization Addition Polymerization: monomers “add together” to form the polymer, with no other products. (Teflon) Condensation Polymerization: A small molecule, such as water, is formed for each extension of the polymer chain. (Nylon) Enantiomers END