Download organic

Functional Groups
• Group of atoms that gives a family of
organic compounds its characteristic
chemical and physical properties
• Alkyl group: derived from alkane by
removing a H
– R stands for alkyl group in general
• C2H5OH, ethanol
• Made industrially and by fermentation
– Industrially produced alcohol has noxious
substances added
• Small, simple alcohols tend to be toxic
Multifunctional Alcohols
• Several common alcohols have more than
one –OH group
• Ethylene glycol: main ingredient in
antifreeze
• Glycerol: used in lotions
– Ingredent in some explosives
Phenol
• –OH group on benzene ring
– Different chemical properties than other
alcohols
– Behaves more like an acid
• First antiseptic
– Also causes skin irritation
OH
Ethers
• Two alkyl groups attached to same O
– Example CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3
• Used mainly as solvent
• Little chemical reactivity
– Insoluble in water
– Highly flammable
Amines
• Contain N
• May have 1, 2, or 3 alkyl or aromatic
groups
• Most biological amines are amino acids
– Building blocks of proteins
Aldehydes and Ketones
• Both contain carbonyl group (C=O)
• Aldehyde: R-CHO
• Ketone: R-CO-R’
Common Aldehydes
•
•
•
•
Change -e ending to -al
Produced by oxidation of alcohols
Formaldehyde – used as a preservative
Larger ones used as fragrances
– Benzaldehyde – flavor in maraschino cherries
O
C
H
Common Ketones
• Change -e ending to -one
• Acetone most common ketone
– Used primarily as a solvent
• Produced by oxidation of alcohols
O
C
H3C
CH 3
Amides
• N bonded directly to carbonyl group
• Linkage that holds proteins together
O
R''
R
N
R'
Esters
• Derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols
• Tend to be fragrant
–
–
–
–
Methyl butyrate
Ethyl butyrate
Ethyl formate
Methyl salicylate
apple
pineapple
rum
wintergreen
Heterocyclic Compounds
• Ring compounds that have something other
than C in the ring
• Occur in plants
– Alkaloids: basic in solution
– Examples: caffeine, morphine, cocaine
• Form basic structure of DNA