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Transcript
What is the Cold War and when does it begin? COLD WAR The competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union for power and influence in the world after WWII Characterized by political and economic conflict along with military tension It was “cold” because there was no direct military conflict between the two nations. What are the conditions in Europe when WWII ends? What is Stalin’s greatest concern or fear in Europe? The Division of Germany Soviet Zone in far eastern Germany British, French and American zones Capital: Berlin. Also divided into 4 zones UNITED NATIONS An international peacekeeping organization Formed after WWII in 1945 Purpose: – help settle disputes among member nations – prevent wars from starting – take actions to end wars that did start. UNITED NATIONS UN General Assembly UN Headquarters in New York City UN Flag SOVIET UNION A union of countries under one Communist government – the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics After WW II Russia annexed Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (parts of old Russia) They also were ceded parts of Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Romania SOVIET UNION Soviet “Buffer” States Satellite countries – not part of the USSR, but Communist and controlled by the Kremlin Also known as the Soviet Bloc Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Albania TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947 – Great Britain announced that it could no longer afford to support Greece and Turkey in their struggle against Communist revolution. President Truman spoke to Congress saying the U.S. would take the leading role in fighting the spread of Communism. CONTAINMENT A political policy of preventing the spread of Communism American leaders believed that communism would die out on its own if it did not spread. This would be the cornerstone of American foreign policy for over 50 years. Leads to our involvement in the Korean War and Vietnam War Video 4: Containment MARSHALL PLAN 1947 – Proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall A program of economic assistance to help rebuild the economies of western Europe after WWII The U.S. could contain communism, win allies, create new democracies, and new markets for American goods. Marshall Plan Aid to Western Europe Who is “He” in this political cartoon? NATO 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization 12 original nations - U.S., Canada, Britain, France, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, and others An “association of democratic peaceloving nations” “An armed attack against one or more of them . . . shall be considered an attack against them all.” WARSAW PACT Soviet Union responded to NATO by forming a military alliance with its satellite nations in Eastern Europe. NATO and Warsaw Pact Nations The Division of Germany 1949 In 1948 West Germany formed from the British, French and American zones East Germany formed under Soviet Communist Control Capital: Berlin. Also divided into east and west. WEST GERMANY Germany remained divided into four zones after WWII occupied by England, France, U.S. and the Soviet Union. In 1948, England, France and the U.S. combined their zones into a single democratic nation, the Federal Republic of Germany EAST GERMANY 1949 - Soviet Union formed a Communist nation, the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The Division of Berlin Berlin, the capital city, was located in East Germany. It was divided in half also. East Berlin was under Soviet communist control. West Berlin was free and democratic. BERLIN BLOCKADE The Soviets were opposed to Marshall Plan aid to West Germany. June 1948 Soviets blocked all land shipments of food and other needed supplies to 2.5 million inhabitants of West Berlin. BERLIN BLOCKADE Truman did not want to risk a war with the Soviets by using military force. Truman organized an airlift to fly supplies into West Berlin BERLIN BLOCKADE West Berlin was non-communist, but it was surrounded entirely by Soviet territory. Nothing/Nobody went in or out over land. East Berlin was under communist control. The Berlin Wall ran through the center of the city, dividing east from west. 200,000 flights brought food to West Berliners BERLIN AIRLIFT American and British pilots 300 days 200,000 flights 13,000 tons of goods daily Total of 1.5 million tons of goods Soviets gave up the blockade in May 1949 KOREA THE KOREAN “CONFLICT” At the end of World War II, Japan surrendered its control of Korea to the Allies Forces north of the 38th parallel were surrendered to the Soviets Forces south of the 38th parallel were surrendered to the Americans THE KOREAN “CONFLICT” A Communist regime was established in the north A pro-American government formed in the south 1949 – all occupying forces left both regions THE KOREAN “CONFLICT” 1950 – North Korean troops invaded South Korea in an attempt to reunite the two countries under Communism The United Nations branded the invasion an act of aggression and called on member nations to defend South Korea North and South Korea 38th Parallel THE KOREAN “CONFLICT” President Truman assumed that the invasion had been planned and backed by the Soviets Truman ordered American air and naval support for South Korea Congress never formally declared war on North Korea THE KOREAN “CONFLICT” General Douglas MacArthur commanded the American troops in Korea Nov. 1950 - He launched an offensive plan to drive the N. Korean forces all the way across the Chinese border Chinese forces pushed the South Koreans back to the 38th parallel THE KOREAN “CONFLICT” MacArthur insisted that American forces lead an attack against the China mainland Truman would not agree MacArthur was relieved of his command in April 1951 The war continued 2 more years End of the Korean Conflict Dwight D. Eisenhower is elected in 1952 He threatens to use atomic weapons and peace talks between North and South make progress 1953 – Truce is signed leaving the country divided at about the 38th parallel The 38th Parallel The border between N. and S. Korea. Peace talks between the two take place in the blue buildings. The tables cross the border and each side sits on their own territory. Dwight D. Eisenhower World War II General President 1953 - 1961 Republican New York Continued policies of containment Concluded the Korean conflict Kim Il Sung Eternal President of North Korea 1948 to 1994 . 34,000 statues have been erected honoring this first leader of Communist North Korea. Followers idolize him as a god. Kim Il Sung Mausoleum Cost to build: $900 million Kim Il Sung’s Embalmed Body Kim Jong-Il Son of Kim Il Sung Supreme Military Leader . of North Korea 1994 to 2011 Kim Jong-un Son of Kim Jong-Il Supreme Military Leader . of North Korea 2011 to present (current age 36) KOREA TODAY North Korea is still a Communist nation and a threat to world peace; as far as they are concerned, the war is not over. What were the economic implications of the Cold War goal of “containing” Communism in the world THE ARMS RACE A struggle to gain weapons superiority Sept. 1949 – Soviets tested their first atomic weapon 1950 – U.S. began developing a thermonuclear hydrogen bomb 1952 – U.S. tested the “H Bomb” THE ARMS RACE 1953 – USSR tested the “H Bomb” 1954 to 1958 – U.S. tested 19 hydrogen bombs in the Pacific 1 hydrogen bomb had the destructive force of 750 atom bombs ICBMs Intercontinental ballistic missiles Developed by the USSR Long range rockets designed to carry H bombs to their targets MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX U.S. became permanently mobilized – over 1 million troops around the world Military spending ½ federal budget by 1960 Military, science, and industry became linked in create new weapons technology and employing 3.5 million Americans Military spending today What were the social implications of the Cold War goal of “containing” Communism at home TRUMAN’S LOYALTY PROGRAM 1947 Loyalty Review Board – – Created a list of 90 “disloyal” organizations – Conducted security investigations of over 3 million federal employees – 3000 resigned or were dismissed without formal indictment of a crime States required “loyalty oaths” of state employees and teachers HUAC House Un-American Activities Committee (Congressional) Established 1938 1947 - Held hearings to investigate Communist infiltration of government agencies and the Hollywood movie industry THE HOLLYWOOD TEN 1947 - HUAC called several Hollywood writers, directors, actors, and producers to testify 10 of them refused to answer questions (5th Amendment right) Cited for “contempt of Congress” and sentenced to jail terms Studios began compiling blacklists of persons who should not be hired Producers stopped making movies about social issues that seemed controversial THE ROSENBERGS Julius and Ethel Members of the Communist Party 1950 - Accused of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets during World War II Convicted of espionage and treason Electrocuted in 1953 Ethel and Julius Rosenberg He was guilty. She was probably not. The Orphaned Rosenberg Boys Robert, 6 Michael, 10 McCARTHYISM Joseph McCarthy, Republican Senator from Wisconsin 1950 - Launched a campaign to find and expel all Communists from U.S. Government jobs Senate hearings called hundreds of individuals to testify about their connections to the Communist Party McCARTHYISM He accused George Marshall (former Sec of State) of being part of “a conspiracy so immense and an infamy so black as to dwarf any previous venture in the history of man.” 1954 – He accused the U.S. Army of being full of Communists Army-McCarthy hearings were televised from April to June of 1954 Are you now, or have you ever been, a member of the Communist Party? Joseph McCarthy Communist Hunter The Space Race SPUTNIK I 1957 Launched by Soviets 1st satellite launched into orbit It showed that the U.S. was no longer ahead in aeronautical technology Started the “space race” Model of Sputnik I The last remaining piece of Sputnik I on display in the National Air and Space Museum. NATIONAL DEFENSE EDUCATION ACT 1958 – To compete with the Communists scientific advances Congress approved more money to improve schools and required students to complete more math and science courses. Provided low-cost loans to college students NASA Created by U.S. Government in 1958 National Aeronautics and Space Administration An independent agency for space exploration Space Race Heroes Yuri Gagarin—First man in space John Glenn—First American to orbit the Earth Neil Armstrong—First man to walk on the moon Project Mercury 1958 – 1963 Launched the first Americans into space Goal was to orbit a manned spacecraft around the Earth, investigate a human's ability to survive and function in space, and safely return both pilot and craft. Original 7 Astronauts of Project Mercury (1958-1963) Alan Shepard John Glenn The original 7 Mercury Astronauts in their space man suits The nickel alloy and titanium capsule is small. John Glenn said, “You don't get into it, you put it on." Yet its operating systems are so sophisticated that the capsule holds seven miles of electrical wire. The Mercury Capsule John Glenn and President Kennedy, 1962 Apollo 11 – First Lunar Landing, 1969 Apollo 11 Lunar Lander, “The Eagle” 12 Men Who Walked on the Moon John F. Kennedy 1961-1963 Democrat Massachusetts Youngest man ever elected (44 years old) First Catholic Nikita Khrushchev General Secretary of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union 1953-1964 Fidel Castro (Cuba) and Nikita Khrushchev (USSR) BAY OF PIGS Cuba had fallen to Communism and was under the control of the Soviets. Communist dictator of Cuba was Fidel Castro Before JFK’s election, the CIA developed a plot to assassinate Castro and overthrow the Communist regime April of 1961 continued BAY OF PIGS It was planned poorly and failed badly. Kennedy said, “It made the US look like fools to our friends, rascals to our enemies, and incompetents to the rest.” JFK promised to be more responsible in handling foreign affairs. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, 1962 October 14 - Aerial surveillance revealed missiles in Cuba supplied by the Soviets October 22, JFK addressed the nation on Soviet threat and announced a “quarantine” of Cuba continued Missile Sites in Cuba, October 1962 Miami, Florida CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS October 23 - The USSR warned that US actions could lead to a nuclear war. October 27 - JFK and Khrushchev’s agreed to avoid war Soviets removed the missiles and US ended the blockade - promising not to invade Cuba. continued CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS The US agreed to remove all missiles which we had in Turkey within 6 months of the Soviets being out of Cuba.