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Plant Diversity Chapter 22 Miller & Levine Text Biology 111 Introduction to Plants Plants… • Provide the base for food chains on land • Provide shade, shelter and oxygen for all animals Oldest fossil evidence of plants dates from about 470 million years ago! What is the name of the science of studying plants?? Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Carry out photosynthesis using green pigments called chlorophyll • Include trees, shrubs, grasses, mosses and ferns • Most are autotrophs • Cell Walls made of cellulose What do Plants Need? 1. 2. 3. 4. Sunlight Water & Minerals Gas Exchange Movement of Water and Nutrients Plant Life Cycle • Two alternating phases, a diploid (2N) phase called the sporophyte generation and a hapoid (N) known as gametophyte generation • These alternating phases are known as “alternation of generations” Early Plants • For most of Earth’s history plants did not exist. Life was concentrated in oceans, lakes and streams…Oxygen came from algae and cyanobacteria • The first plants evolved from an organism much like the multicellular green algae living today. Overview of the Plant Kingdom Botanists divide the plant kingdom into 4 groups based on three important features: 1. Water-conducting tissues 2. Seeds 3. Flowers Types of Plants Cone-bearing plants 760 species (gymnosperms) Ferns & Relatives 11,000 species Mosses & Relatives 15,600 species 235,000 Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Bryophytes (Non-Vascular) No Xylem or Phloem • Confined to moist habitats b/c they need water for sexual reproduction • Commonly found in wetlands, rain forests, and roadside ditches • Generally less than 20cm tall • 3 classes: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts Liverwort Hornwort Bryophytes • Have leaflike, stemlike and rootlike organs • Have rhizoids (fine-like roots) that anchor the plant • Water and nutrients move from cell to cell by diffusion • Mosses are the most common and they hold a lot of water – this sponge like feature makes them useful in oil spills, and potting soils Moss Seedless Vascular Plants (Ferns & Relatives) • Dominant land plant 300 million years ago • Most are now extinct Seed Plants (Vascular) • Divided into 2 groups: Gymnosperms & Angiosperms GYMNOSPERMS: • The most ancient surviving seed plants are the gymnosperms (naked seeds) • Seeds often found in a cone Gymnosperms: The Conifers • Cone bearing woody trees and shrubs • Leaves are usually needlelike • Most are evergreen (don’t drop their leaves in the Autumn) • Conifers DO shed their needles, just not all at once – usually 2 to 4 years • Grow in many different environments • 600 species (pine, fir, spruce, cedar, hemlock, sequoias • Produce useful products, ie. lumber/paper Seed Plant – Angiosperms: Flowering Plants • There are thousands of different kinds of flowering plants • Angiosperms ALL produce seeds in reproductive structures called flowers. • Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and protect the seed. Then, as the seeds mature, the flower changes into a fruit. • The name angiosperm means “covered seed” • Mature seeds are scattered, or dispersed, along with the fruit Roots, Leaves, Stems & Carnation Activity “Principal organs of seed plants” Roots • Absorbs water and dissolved nutrients • Anchors plants to ground • Prevents erosion • Protection from soil bacteria and fungus • Transports water & nutrients • Holds plants upright against forces such as wind and rain Roots – Two main types: Plants have taproots, fibrous roots or both #1 Taproots - Characterized by having one main root (the taproot) from which smaller branch roots emerge. • Make a plant hard to pull from the ground • Go far underground to reach water • Ex: dandelions, carrots, beets, radish Taproot #2. Fibrous Roots – • Characterized by having a mass of similarly sized roots. • Most monocots have fibrous root systems. • Ex: grasses • Plants with fibrous roots systems are excellent for erosion control, because the mass of roots cling to soil particles. Fibrous Roots - A cabbage seedling with white, fibrous roots snaking through the soil Root Overview Root Cap – tough cells to drill soil, and produces a slimy substance for roots to move through soil Apical Meristem (growth tissue) – replaces cells of root cap as they are damaged Root Hairs – absorb water and minerals from the soil and increase the surface area of the root. Pericycle – forms the lateral roots Leaves • The structure of a leaf is optimized for absorbing light and carrying out photosynthesis. Leaves • Photosynthetic organ of the plant, used to convert sunlight into food • Photosynthesis Equation: STEMS Stems have 3 important functions: 1. Produce leaves, branches, flowers 2. Hold leaves up to sunlight 3. Transport substances between roots and leaves Carnation Activity: Most plants “drink” water from the ground through the roots…but what if they are cut?? Carnation Activity: • There are 2 things that combine to move water through plants 1. Transpiration 2. Cohesion Carnation Lab: • Water evaporating from the leaves, buds and petals (TRANSPIRATION) pulls water up the stem of the plant • Water that evaporates from the leaves “pulls” other water behind it up to fill the space left by the evaporating water, but instead of your mouth providing the suction it is due to evaporating water Carnation Lab: • Water can move up the plant because water is very sticky to itself (called water cohesion) and because the tubes in the plant stem are small (the xylem) this process is called capillary action/cohesion tension theory!. • Coloring the water doesn’t harm the plant but allows you to see movement through the plant