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Download Plant Structure and Function
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PLANTS Plants: Grouped by characteristics • Nonvascular – Simple; most grow in moist places – No vascular tissues. • • • • No way to move around water and nutrients Need to live close to water Mosses, liverworts, ferns Evolved first • Vascular – Have Vascular tissues: roots, stems and leaves – Allows them to grow large and in many different environments – Includes trees, flowering plants, crops, etc…. Non vascular = Bryophytes • Only nonvascular plants (mosses, liverworts) • no ability to internally transport water and materials • requires moist environment • live in colonies, has rhizoids to anchor it • important in soil formation Vascular Plants - Tissues Plants have 3 tissue systems: • Ground tissue – Photosynthesis, food storage, regeneration, support, protection • Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) – Movement of materials • Dermal tissue (exterior) – Protection and prevention of water loss Plants: Stems • Function of stems – Support, transport of water & food • Green • Woody – Transport of materials • xylem - conducts water and minerals • phloem - conducts food Growth • Plant growth occurs at specialized areas called meristems (meristematic tissue) • Primary growth = growth in length • Secondary growth = growth in girth Leaf function • Photosynthesis - more later • Transpiration - 99% of water absorbed by plant is lost by transpiration • Stomata are tiny holes on the bottom of the leaf that let gases and water in and out – Opening controlled by guard cells Photosynthesis Uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight - reactants Releases oxygen and makes sugar, oxygen is released - product chlorophyll – the green substance found in plants that traps energy from the sun and gives plants their green color chloroplasts - where photoysynthesis happens Plant Evolution • First = Bryophytes - no roots, leaves or stems, no vascular system, simple reproduction relying on water. Second = Ferns - first vascular system – Reproduce using spores Gymnosperms • • • • • Vascular, seed bearing, flowerless plants means “naked seed” largest division is conifers leaves are called needles Pines, cedars, spruces, firs Angiosperms • • • • Flowering, vascular plants Most successful plants: deciduous trees Magnolias, roses, apple trees Plant Parts – Pistil – part of a flower that makes the eggs that grow into seeds – Stamen – part of a flower that makes pollen – Pollen – tiny grains that make seeds when combined with a flower’s egg monocot seed – a seed that has one seed leaf and stored food outside the seed leaf dicot seed – a seed that has two seed leaves that contain stored food Plant Adaptations • Specialized tissues – vascular tissues • Cuticles – Waxy coating on surfaces – resists drying out – stomata exist to allow necessary gas exchange • Alternation of generations – Plants live part of their life in a haploid stage and part in a diploid stage – haploid portion = gametophyte – diploid portion = sporophyte • Co-evolution with pollinators