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The Study of Living Things Leaves There is much variety in leaves Hairs, Thickness, Texture, Parts of Leaves Blade – Large green portion of the leaf Petiole – Part that connects the blade to the stem (Sessile Leaves – Leaves that have no petiole. Found in grasses and certain other monocots.) Veins – Pipelines that carry food and water through the blade Midrib – The main vein that runs down the center of the leaf. Margin – Edge of the leaf Entire – The name of the margin when it is smooth Toothed – The name of the margin when it has a rough edge or “teeth” Lobed – The name of the margin when it has portions sticking out Sinus – Where there is no leaf on a lobed leaf Near the Leaf Stipule – Leaf-like structures that helped cover the leaf when it was young. Buds – Contain developing leaf or branch structures Bud-scale Scars – Marking on the branch where a bud existed. Leaf Scars - Marking on the branch where a leaf existed Plant Leaf Shapes Broad flat leaves (Deciduous trees) Long narrow leaves (Grasses) Needle-like or scalelike ( Pines, firs, cedars) Types of Leaves Simple – A leaf that has one blade per petiole Compound – A leaf that has many blades (leaflets) per petiole Leaflet – Each small blade on a compound leaf (You can tell the beginning of a leaf because it has a bud at the base of the petiole. The leaflets do not have a bud at the base of them.) Leaf Arrangement Nodes – Points at which the leaves grow from the stem. Opposite – Two leaves grow from each node. Alternate – Only one leaf grows from each node. Whorled – Three or more leaves grow from each node. Rosette (Basal) – Cluster of leaves growing at the base of the plant Leaf Venation Parallel – Almost all veins run in the same direction. Pinnate – One major vein with smaller veins coming off of it Palmate – Two or more veins extending out from one point Internal Leaf Structures Epidermis – Single layer of outside cells Stomata – Tiny openings on the bottom of the leaf that allow for air movement and transpiration. Transpiration – The loss of water vapor Guard Cells – The two crescent shaped cells that expand and contract to open/close the stoma Leaf Hairs – Reduce the speed of wind passing over the leaf. Decrease loss of water. Mesophyll – The middle portion of the leaf. Most of Photosynthesis takes place here. Palisade Mesophyll – Column-like cells located on the upper side of the leaf. Spongy Mesophyll – Irregular shaped cells separated by air spaces. Veins – Run through the Mesophyll. Have Xylem and Phloem Biology – The study of living things Bios – “life” -logy – “Science of” or “study of” Three Major Fields of Biology Zoology –The study of animals Botany – The study of Plants Human Anatomy and Physiology – The study of physical structure and function of the body Anatomy – The study of the physical structure of the body. (The parts) Physiology – the study of the function of the parts of the body. (What they do) Psalm 19:1-4 The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands. Day after day they pour forth speech; night after night they display knowledge. There is no speech or language where their voice is not heard. Their voice goes out into all the earth, their words to the ends of the world. Romans 1:20 For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities –his eternal power and divine nature- have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse. Psalm 8: 3-4 When I consider your heavens, the work of your fingers, the moon and the stars, which you have set in place, what is man that you are mindful of him, the son of man that you care for him? Hierarchy of Living things Cells – The basic structural unit of all living things Tissues – A group of similar cells that work together Vascular Tissue – Elongated tubular cells that transport water, minerals, and food Xylem – Transports water and minerals up the plant Phloem – Transports Food down the plant Organs – A group of tissues that work together (Root, stem, leaf, and flower) Systems – A group of Organs that work together Root System – Underground part of the plant used for absorption and storage Shoot System – Aboveground part of the plant provides for production of leaves, flowers, fruit and seeds Organisms – Living things (not just plants and animals) The Importance of Botany Food produced through Photosynthesis The Importance of Botany Medicine – Many drugs and antibiotics are produced from plants The Importance of Botany Industry – Plants produce many important products such as lumber, paper, and clothing fibers. Parts of the Plant Flowers – The reproductive organ of the plant. (Most produce fruit and seeds) Leaves – Most of the plants food is produced in the leaves. Stems – Holds up the leaves and flowers, a transport structure for food, and sometimes a stem stores food. Roots – Anchors the plant, absorbs water and minerals, and stores food. Tap Root – One main/primary root grows straight down and is larger than the rest. Fibrous Root – The main/primary root is slender and the secondary roots are just as big as the primary root. The Plant Cell Organelles – Little organs that make up the cell Cell Membrane – Separates inside from outside. Regulates movement of materials in and out of cell. Nucleus – Spherical body that controls the cell’s activities. Cytoplasm – The gellike substance in the cell. Cell Wall – Found outside the membrane made of cellulose. Gives the plant its structure. Chloroplasts – Organelle that contains Chlorophyll and produce food for the plant. Chlorophyll – green pigment of plants, which is key in photosynthesis. Vacuoles – Storage structures in the cell. Photosynthesis and the Leaf Photosynthesis Photosynthesis – Process where the plant’s chloroplasts capture radiant energy …from sunlight and change into chemical energy 6 CO2 +6 H2O + LIGHT C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Light Reaction – Light reacts with water to separate Hydrogen and Oxygen (Needs light for the reaction) NADPH – Carries Hydrogen atoms to the Dark Reaction Dark Reaction – Hydrogen reacts with Carbon Dioxide and energy to produce glucose (Does not need light to occur) Products of Photosynthesis Glucose – Simple Sugar (C6H12O6) Sucrose – Another simple sugar, Table sugar, Plants convert Glucose into sucrose, which is, pretty much two glucose molecules. Starch – Many simple sugars linked together for storage Why We Need Energy Cellular Respiration – The process where Glucose and Oxygen are combined to release energy and Carbon Dioxide. Happens in both Plants and Animals. Factors that Influence Photosynthesis Water – Directly – It is one of the ingredients of Photosynthesis Indirectly - When water is scarce, stomata close and do not allow carbon dioxide to come into the plant Carbon Dioxide – It is another one of the ingredients. Studies have shown that …increased CO2 increases the rate of Photosynthesis Heat – Photosynthesis does not work efficiently in cold temperatures Sunlight – Need the sunlight for the reaction, but there is a huge variety in how much is needed by different plants Life Cycles of Plants Annual – A plant whose entire life cycle is one year. Example: Peas, beans, grains Biennial – A plant whose entire life cycle is two years Example: Beets, cabbage, turnips, carrots Perennials – Plants that live from year to year and bloom each season Example: Wildflowers, peonies, asparagus Types of Trees Deciduous Trees – Trees that loose their leaves each fall. Evergreen Trees – Trees that retain their leaves throughout the year. Fall Coloration and Wilting Fall Coloration Abscission Layer – A special layer of cells that forms at the base of the petiole and the stem …severing the connection between the two Where did the green go? When the abscission layer forms this cuts the transport of materials into the leaf, slowing the formation of new chlorophyll. …Old chlorophyll cannot function any longer leaving behind other less noticeable pigments …(Which are also present in flowers, fruits, and roots of some plants) Pigments Xanthophyll – Produces yellowish colors Carotene – Produces yellowish-orange colors Anthocyanin – Produces a bright red, blue, and purple colors Monocots Has one (1) seed leaf (Cotyledon) Has parallel Veins Has flower parts in multiples of 3 Has fibrous root system Dicots Has two (2) seed leaves (Cotyledons) Has branching veins Has flower parts in multiples of 4 or5 Has tap root system Plant Growth Phototropism – The growth response of the plant to light. Gravitropism – The growth response of the plant to the earth (gravity). Chemotropism movement or growth in response to chemicals Hydrotropism movement or growth in response to moisture or water Thermotropism movement or growth in response to temperature Thigmotropism movement or growth in response to touch or contact Symmetry – To be able to cut an object and have both halves exactly alike. Radial symmetry – To have more than one line of symmetry going through the same point. Bilateral symmetry – To have only one line of symmetry go through an object. Asymmetry – Having no lines of symmetry