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Living organisms are classified into 3 Domains 1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya 4 Kingdoms in this Domain 1 Domain Eukarya has 4 Kingdoms 1. Kingdom Protista 2. Kingdom Fungi 3. Kingdom Plantae 4. Kingdom Animalia 2 Characteristics of Plants A. B. C. D. E. Eukaryotes Multicellular Cannot move from place to place Autotrophic-can Photosynthesize Thick cell walls made of cellulose (carbohydrate) 3 Review of Photosynthesis Words: Carbon Dioxide + Water---Glucose + Oxygen Symbols: CO2 + H2O --------- C6H12O6 + O2 4 Evolution of Plants The common ancestor of ALL plants is thought to be green algae. In the early evolution of plants, they made the transition from aquatic to land environments. The most crucial ingredient for movement to land is water and it is in short supply. 5 Special Adaptations A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Cuticle to prevent water loss Leaves for carrying out photosynthesis Roots to anchor and absorb water and minerals Stems for support and transport of food, water and minerals Vascular tissues for transport in some plants Most have seeds for reproduction Alternation of generations 6 Special Adaptations Most plants have a waxy cuticle which covers their leaves and stems which prevents water loss. Cuticle is made of phospholipids. The phospholipids head is polar and attracted to water. The cuticle is clear and this is important so that light rays can reach the chloroplast for photosynthesis. 7 Alternation of Generations See Study guide page 2 mitosis Multicellular diploid organism (2n) Unicellular diploid zygote (2n) fertilization sporophyte meiosis Unicellular haploid cells (spores) (n) Unicellular haploid gametes (n) Multicellular haploid organism mitosis (n) mitosis gametophyte 8 Human life cycle mitosis Unicellular diploid zygote (2n) Multicellular diploid organism (2n) fertilization meiosis Unicellular haploid cells (gametes) (n) Meiosis – splitting chromosome pairs – 2n n Mitosis – making exact copy 9 Protists / fungi / plants mitosis Multicellular diploid organism (2n) Unicellular diploid zygote (2n) fertilization sporophyte meiosis Unicellular haploid cells (spores) (n) Unicellular haploid gametes (n) Multicellular haploid organism mitosis (n) mitosis gametophyte 10 Bryophytes think moss 11 Bryophytes sporophyte gametophyte 12 Plant Evolution Plants are divided into: 1. VASCULAR-special tissue for carrying water and nutrients 2. NONVASCULAR-diffusion used to transport water and nutrients 13 Plant Evolution The Vascular plants are divided into seed plants and non seed plants (ferns) The Seed Plants are divided into those with cones and those with flowers 14 Nonvascular vs Vascular Seedless vs Seed Bryophytes are the non-vascular seedless plants with our focus on the moss The Pterophytes are the ferns and they are vascular and seedless The Seed plants consist of the Gymnosperms with cones and the Angiosperms with flowers which are vascular and have seeds 15 Cladogram-Vascular Tissue Gymnosperms Angiosperms Seedless vascular plants Bryophytes Evolution of vascular tissue Green algae Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle 16 Vascular tissue Set of tubes that transport materials around plant Allows plants to grow taller Water travels up through xylem Sugar travels throughout in phloem 17 Ferns live further on land Still must be in moist areas Sporophyte survives with vascular tissue which helps conduct water But sperm must still swim to egg in tiny gametophyte 18 Fern gametophyte 19 Ginkgophyta A division of seed plants that have only one living species The leaves of the plant are fan shaped For centuries it was thought to be extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow wild in eastern China. 20 Alternation of Generations An alternation between two distinct forms or generations that reproduce differently One generation is haploid and reproduces sexually The other generation is diploid and reproduces asexually 21 Alternation of Generations Gametophyte and Sporophyte Notice that the more advanced plants have a dominant Sporophyte and the less advanced plants have a more dominant Gametophyte 22 Moss Life Cycle http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/moss.html 23 Fern Life Cycle http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html 24 Alternation of Generations By definition, all plants alternate generations Gametophyte n=haploid Sporophyte 2n=diploid 25 Cladogram-Pollen Grains/Seeds Gymnosperms Angiosperms Seedless vascular plants Bryophytes Evolution of pollen grains / seeds Evolution of vascular tissue Green algae Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle 26 Gymnosperms Think cones (any conifer like pine trees) female ovary male pollen cone 27 Pine tree Gymnosperms tiny gametophyte inside cone sporophyte sporophyte dominates 28 Gymnosperm pollen strategy Release a lot, hope some pollinate (Meanwhile, irritating everyone else) Pollen is the male sperm in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms 29 OTHER ADAPTATIONS Vascular Tissue-Used for Transport Xylem specialized cells for carrying water and dissolved minerals from the roots Phloem cells for carrying food produced in the leaves through photosynthesis to all parts of the plant Vascular Cambium The specialized tissue that gives rise to new Xylem and Phloem This is the tissue that brings about the growth of a tree trunk 30 ADAPTATIONS Leaf Structure in Angiosperms •The primary function of leaves is photosynthesis •Most photosynthesis takes place in the Palisade mesophyll •Spongy mesophyll is loosely packed cells and permits gases to move between palisade cells and the outside of the leaf 31 ADAPTATION Root Structure •Apical Mesistems are found at the tips of roots •This is an area of active growth •There are also meristems found at the tips of growing stems 32 Root Functions A. B. C. D. 1. 2. 3. Anchor plants Absorb water and minerals May store carbohydrates (carrots, beets, turnips, radishes) May store water for dry periods MINERALS ABSORBED BY ROOTS Plant Cells use minerals, such as nitrogen and potassium in LARGE amounts; called macronutrients Minerals needed in SMALL amounts are called micronutrients Mineral deficiencies or excess minerals can kill plants 33 Transport in Plants •Transport in a plant involves movement of water, minerals by vascular cambium •Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots •Phloem transports nutrients from the leaves to all parts of the plant •Root Hairs aid in the absorption of water and minerals because it increases the surface area of roots 34 Stomata 35 Structure and Function of Stomata If water enters the guard cells, they swell up and the stomata opens If water leaves the guard cells, they become soft and the stomata closes 36 Angiosperm or Flowering Plant Reproduction The Sporophyte is the dominant stage in the life cycle of the Angiosperms 37 Cladogram-Flowers and Fruit Gymnosperms Seedless vascular plants Bryophytes Angiosperms Evolution of flowers / fruits Evolution of pollen grains / seeds Evolution of vascular tissue Green algae Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle 38 Sunflower Angiosperms tiny gametophyte inside bottom of flower rest of plant = sporophyte Sporophyte Dominates 39 Basic Flower Structure of an Angiosperm http://plantandsoil.unl.edu/croptechnology2005/plant_phys/?what=animationList&informationModuleId=1087230040 •Sepals protect the flower bud from insect damage and dryness •The color, scent, and nectar of flowers attracts insects, bats, and birds •These animals help to transfer the pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of other flowers-called pollination 40 Complete and Incomplete Flowers Perfect Flowers: have both male and female reproductive structures. Imperfect Flowers: have either male or female structures Complete flowers: have four basic structures: petals, sepals, a stamen and a pistil Incomplete flowers: have one or more of these structures lacking 41 Advertising in UV color 42 Pollen Tube Growth and Fertilization in Angiosperms •The Pollen grains are transferred to the Stigma where the pollen grain produces a Pollen tube •The pollen tube grows down the style into the ovary where it fuses its nuclei with the nuclei of the ovule •The fertilized ovule becomes a seed and the ovary develops into the fruit of the plant 43 Pollen grains Hard covering around sperm, light weight allows travel by wind Removes water requirement for fertilization 44 Fruit Typically collects sugar to attract animals Seeds survive animal digestive system, pooped out far away from parent with free fertilizer! Some are not eaten by animals, just help wind carry seed (dandelion) 45 After fertilization, ovary becomes fruit 46 Cladogram-Fruit and Flowers Gymnosperms Seedless vascular plants Bryophytes Angiosperms Evolution of flowers / fruits Evolution of pollen grains / seeds Evolution of vascular tissue Green algae Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle 47 Plant Responses Example: Sensitivity to pressure or touch This can be protective for the plant 48 Phototropism Positive Phototropism: the plant is bending toward the sunlight 49 Phototropism Phototropism is illustrated by the movement of plants in relation to light source direction Light causes the hormone auxin to move to the shaded side The auxin causes the cells on the shaded side to elongate As a result, the plant bends toward the light and exhibits positive phototropism 50 Thigmotropism Thigmotropism is a plant growth response to touching a solid object Tendrils and stems of vines, such as morning glories, coil when they touch an object Thigmotropism allows some vines to climb other plants or objects, thus increasing its chance of intercepting light for photosynthesis. 51 Geotropism or Gravitropism 52 Gravitropism Gravitropism is a plant growth response to gravity A root usually grows downward and a stem usually grows upward Roots are positively gravitropic and stems are negatively gravitropic 53 Plant Hormones Auxin-This hormone promotes cell elongation Auxin is found in the apical meristems of plants Gibberellins help the plants to grow taller Gibberellins also increase the rate of seed germination and bud development 54 Angiosperms are Divided into Monocots and Dicots 55 Monocots and Dicots Again 56 Monocot and Dicot Seed Structure 57 Monocot and Dicot Leaf Veins 58 Monocot and Dicot Flower Pedals Monocot-pedals in groups of three or multiples Dicots-pedals in groups of 4s or 5s 59 Monocot and Dicot Stem Monocots-vascular tissue scattered Dicots-vascular tissue around edge of stem 60 Examples of Monocots and Dicots Monocots include: grasses, oats, wheat, orchids, lilies and palms Dicots include: shrubs, trees (except conifers) wild flowers and some garden flowers 61 Monocot and Dicot Seed Anatomy Food is stored in the cotyledon for the embryo The seed coat functions as a physical barrier Epicotyls becomes the leaves of plant Hypocotyls becomes the stem Radicle becomes the root 62 Seed Germination Requirements for seed germination include: •Enough water to activate the metabolism of embryo •Sufficient oxygen for respiration •Suitable temperature for growth of that species 63 Seed Dispersal Seeds dispersal is completed by birds, small animals, wind, and water The tough, fibrous outer covering of a coconut provides protection as well as a floatation device 64 Seed Germination Seeds are stored food with an Embryo Some species need unusual conditions for Germination: Pass through acidic environment of an animals digestive system Some require freezing temperatures, extensive soaking in water (rice), exposure to fire (conifers/pines), or certain day lengths 65 Genetic Engineering of Plants Plants can be genetically engineered to: Be more tolerant of different climates & soils Produce more fruit Be more nutritious Be more resistant to insects and herbicides (chemical that kills weeds). 66