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Kingdom Plantae
Characteristics of Plants
• Eukaryotes
• Autotrophs
(producers)
• Multicellular
• Cell walls made of
cellulose
• 2nd most complex
kingdom
– May have evolved
from algae
Vascular tissue
• A series of vessels
(xylem and phloem)
that extend from roots
to leaves
• Phloem cells move
carbohydrates and
other nutrients
• Xylem cells move
water and dissolved
minerals
Classification of Plants
• Bryophytes
–
–
–
–
Mosses, liverworts
Reproduce by spores
Nonvascular
Require standing
water for reproduction
Bryophyte life cycle
• Gametophyte
dominates the life
cycle
• Male plant
produces sperm
that swim to the
female plant
• Requires free water
for fertilization
• Sporophyte grows
from the female
plant
Classification of Plants
• Seedless vascular
plants
– Ferns, club mosses,
and horsetails
• Require free water for
fertilization
• Reproduce with
spores
Fern life cycle
• The diploid sporophyte
dominates the fern life
cycle
• Sori produced on the
sporophyte contain
spores
• Gametophyte germinates
and produces antheridia
and archegonia
• Sperm from the
antheridia swim to eggs
in the archegonia
Modifications to live on land
• In order to move
away from water,
plants must produce
seeds in protected
structures
• Gymnosperms are
cone bearing plants
• Separate male and
female cones
Flowering plants
• Most plants are
angiosperms
• Flowers are the
reproductive part of the
plant
– Some have separate male
and female plants
– Some have male and
female flowers on the same
plant
– Most have flowers with
male and female parts
Flowering plants
• The male part is the
stamen
– anther
– filament
• The female part is the
carpel (or pistal)
– Stigma
– Style
– Ovary
Life Cycle of Angiosperms
Flowering plants
• The ovary of the flower
ripens and becomes a
fruit
Fruits have different forms
Their purpose is seed dispersal:
Edible fruit, parachutes, stickers,
and floating fruit are just a few of the
strategies
Angiosperm classification
• Divided into two groups:
– Monocots
– Dicots
• Named for number of
seed leaves
• Other differences include
– Organization of vascular
tissue
– Flower parts
– Germination of seed
Cross section of a monocot leaf showing parallel
veins (vascular tissue)
Cross section of a dicot leaf showing mid vein.
•
•
•
•
A. xylem
B. phloem
C. upper epidermis
D. lower epidermis
Leaf structure
• Different cells
have different
functions.
• The cuticle and
epidermis protect.
Leaf structure
• Different cells
have different
functions.
• The cuticle and
epidermis protect.
• Palisade cells
photosynthesize.
Leaf structure
• Different cells
have different
functions.
• The cuticle and
epidermis protect.
• Palisade cells
photosynthesize.
• Spongy cells
contain air
spaces.
Leaf structure
• Guard cells open
and close to
regulate gas
exchange and
water loss.