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Download Bio. Ch. 22 - NorthMacAgScience
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Section 22-1 Science Starter Life as we know it today could not exist without plants. Plants provide us with many essential items other than food. 1. With your partner, list five items you use daily that are byproducts of plants. Go to Section: Section 22-1 22–1 Introduction to Plants A. What Is a Plant? B. The Plant Life Cycle C. What Plants Need to Survive 1. Sunlight 2. Water and Minerals 3. Gas Exchange 4. Movement of Water and Nutrients D. Early Plants 1. Origins in the Water 2. The First Plants E. Overview of the Plant Kingdom Go to Section: What do we already know about plants? • How many cells? • Eukaryote or prokaryote? • How do they get food? • Special structures in cells? Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls, made of cellulose. They develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis using green pigment called chlorophyll. They are autotrophs Examples: “Stationary animals that eat sunlight!” Differences between plants and animals: Two generations: • The haploid (N) gametophyte, or gamete- producing plant • The diploid (2N) sporophyte, or sporeproducing plant Spores are reproductive cells that produce a new individual by mitosis. This may differ dramatically from phylum to phylum! Section 22-1 Haploid Diploid MEIOSIS Spores (N) Gametophyte Plant (N) Sporophyte Plant (2N) Sperm (N) Eggs (N) FERTILIZATION Go to Section: Sunlight • To carry out photosynthesis • Typically photosynthetic organs such as leaves are broad and flat to maximize light absorption. Water and Minerals • Water also needed for photosynthesis • Minerals can only be taken in through water • Adaptations to limit water loss Gas Exchange • Oxygen needed to support respiration • Carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis • The problem: Exchange these gasses without losing a lot of water Movement of Water and Nutrients • Absorption happens at roots, but must move throughout entire plant • Specialized tissues • OR • Diffusion Read p. 553 first two paragraphs! Origins in the Water: • The first plants evolved from an organism much like the multicellular green algae living today The First Plants: • Read paragraph 2 on page 554 Section 22-1 Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Mosses and their relatives Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Green algae ancestor Go to Section: Divided into FOUR groups, based on three important features: fig. 22-7 • 1. water-conduction tissues • 2. seeds • 3. flowers Section 22-1 Cone-bearing plants 760 species Ferns and their relatives 11,000 species Mosses and their relatives 15,600 species Go to Section: Flowering plants 235,000 species Section 22-2 22–2 Bryophytes A. Groups of Bryophytes 1. Mosses 2. Liverworts 3. Hornworts B. Life Cycle of Bryophytes 1. Dependence on Water 2. Life Cycle of a Moss C. Human Use of Mosses Go to Section: Byrophytes • AKA nonvascular plants • Do not have vascular tissues (tissue that are responsible for conducting water and nutrients) Have a life cycle that depend on water for reproduction. Draw up water by osmosis • Can only be a few centimeters off the ground • Example: Mosses Characteristics: • Must be low growing • Usually found in shaded or moist areas Include: • Mosses • Liverwarts • Hornwarts Most common bryophyte Belong to phylum Bryophyta Grow near water Do not have true roots, instead they have: • Rhizoids: long thin cells that anchor plant into the ground, helps to absorb water and minerals from surrounding soil Section 22-2 Capsule Sporophyte Stalk Stemlike structure Leaflike structure Rhizoid Go to Section: Gametophyte Looks like a flat leaf, attached to the ground (shaped like a liver) Phylum: hepaticophyta Reproduce asexually by gemmae • Small multicellular spheres that contain haploid cells. • These cells are washed off the parent plant, and they then begin a new plant The gametophyte is the dominane, recognazible stage of the life cycle, and it’s the stage that carries out most of the plant’s photosynthesis For fertilization to occur, there must be WATER! Read page #558 Protonema: after a BRYO reporduces, it germinates and begins a tangles mass of green filimants Antheridia: part of BRYO where sperm are produced Archegonia: part of BRYO where the egg is produced Haploid (N) Diploid (2N) MEIOSIS Spores (N) Protonema (young gametophyte) (N) Male gametophyte Female gametophyte Mature sporophyte (2N) Capsule (sporangium) Gametophyte (N) Antheridia Young sporophyte (2N) Sperm (N) Archegonia Zygote (2N) Gametophyte (N) Egg (N) FERTILIZATION Go to Section: Sperm (N) Section 22-3 22–3 Seedless Vascular Plants A. Evolution of Vascular Tissue B. Ferns and Their Relatives 1. Club Mosses 2. Horsetails 3. Ferns C. Life Cycle of Ferns Go to Section: Vascular tissues: specialized tissue used to conduct water and nutrients through the body of the plant. • These types of plants can grow taller Were byrophytes vascular or nonvascular plants? Two types of Vascular Tissue: • Xylem: conducts water upwards from roots to every part of thee plant • Phloem: transports nutrient solutions Both of these can work against the force of gravity. Vascular plants produce lignin the substance that make cell wall rigid. • Lignin allows vascular plants to grow upright and reach great heights. Seedless vascular plants include mosses, horsetails and ferns. These all have true: • Roots: underground organs that absorb water and minerals. • Leaves: contain bundles of vascular tissues, photosynthesis is carried out here. • Veins: composed of xylem and phloem • Stems: supporting structures that connect roots and leaves. Carry water and nutrients between them. More than 11,000 species of ferns Evolved over 350 million years ago. Page #562 diagram of a fern • The large leaves = Fronds • Rhizomes: creeping under ground stems Ferns and other vascular plants have a life cycle in which the diploid sporophyte is the dominant life stage. Sori: spores release from sporangia. Must be carried by wind or water. • Looks like rust spot underside of the frond Section 22-3 MEIOSIS Sporangium (2N) Haploid gametophyte (N) Diploid sporophyte (2N) Frond Spores (N) Mature sporophyte (2N) Developing sporophyte (2N) Antheridium Young gametophyte (N) Mature gametophyte (N) Sperm Gametophyte (N) Egg Sporophyte embryo (2N) Go to Section: Archegonium FERTILIZATION Section 22-4 22–4 Seed Plants A. Reproduction Free From Water 1. Cones and Flowers 2. Pollen 3. Seeds B. Evolution of Seed Plants C. Gymnosperms—Cone Bearers 1. Gnetophytes 2. Cycads 3. Ginkgoes 4. Conifers 5. Ecology of Conifers Go to Section: Seed Plants are divided into two groups: • Gymnosperms: bear their seed directly on the surfaces of cones Examples: Conifers (pine and spruce trees) • Angiosperms: (AKA flowering plants) bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed. Examples: grasses, flowering trees, shrubs, wildflower Still have alternating life cycle b/t gamete and sporophyte stages. Seed plants DON’T need water to reproduce! • This means seed plants can live about anywhere Adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water include: flowers or cones, the transfer of sperm by pollination and the protection of embryos in seeds. Seed plants do not require water for fertilization. Adaptations that allow this include: • Flowers or cones • Transfer of sperm by pollination • Protection of embryos in seeds Cones: seed-bearing structures of gymnosperms Flowers: seed-bearing structure of angiosperms. The entire male gametophyte is contained in a tiny structure called pollen grain. • This PG is carried to the female gametophyte by wind, insects, birds, etc. This transfer of pollen from the male to the felmale gametophyte is pollination Seed: embryo of a plant, encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply. After fertilization the zygote contained with in the seed grows into a tiny plante called the embryo. Section 22-4 Seed coat Seed Embryo Wing B Stored food supply The Go to Section: embryo the early A developmental stage of the sporophyte The seed coast surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps it from drying out! Read Evolution of Seed plants p. 566 Gymnosperms • Reproduce with seeds that are exposed • Means “naked seed” • Conifers are most common in our area Pine, spruce, cedars, redwoods, etc. • Ginkgoes – read p. 567 Section 22-4 Comparing Features of Seed Plants Feature Seeds Reproduction Examples Go to Section: Gymnosperms Angiosperms Section 22-4 Comparing Features of Seed Plants Go to Section: Feature Gymnosperms Angiosperms Seeds Bear their seeds on cones Bear their seeds within flowers Reproduction Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination Examples Conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, gnetophytes Grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, wildflowers, cultivated flowers Section 22-5 22–5 Angiosperms— Flowering Plants A. Flowers and Fruits B. Diversity of Angiosperms 1. Monocots and Dicots 2. Woody and Herbaceous Plants 3. Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials Go to Section: Flowering plants originated on land and quickly came to dominate life Angiosperms have reproductive organs known as flowers. • Evolutionary advantage – transport of pollen • More efficient than wind pollination of GSperm Asperms contain ovaries, witch surronund and protect the seed • Asperm actually means “enclosed seed” Figure 22-24 page 569 Fruit: a thick wall of tissue surrounding the enclosed seed. • Animals spread the seed by eating fruit and “depositing” seed at another location • Another evolutionary advantage! Classification by 3 groups These groups can overlap 1. Monocots and dicots 2. Woody and herbaceous 3. Life cycle Monocotyledonae Dicotyledonae Figure 22-25 page 570 Section 22-5 Monocots Go to Section: Dicots Seeds Single cotyledon Two cotyledons Leaves Parallel veins Branched veins Flowers Floral parts often in multiples of 3 Floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5 Stems Vascular bundles scattered throughout stem Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Roots Fibrous roots Taproot Based on stem characteristics Woody plants: thick cell walls that support plant. • Trees & shrubs Herbaceous plants: must be smooth and nonwoody. • Dandelions, petunias, sunflowers, geraniums 3 groups based on length of time Read page 572 Annuals: plants that complete life cycle in one year • EX: marigolds, petunias, zinnias Biennial: Year one grow and generate roots. Year two produce flowers and seeds, then die • Parsley, celery and foxglove Perennial: Live for many years. Section 22-5 Plants are categorized as Annuals that complete their life cycle in Perennials that complete their life cycle in 2 years Go to Section: that complete their life cycle in Section 22-5 Plants are categorized as Go to Section: Annuals Biennials Perennials that complete their life cycle in that complete their life cycle in that complete their life cycle in 1 growing season 2 years More than 2 years