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BIOLOGY Chapter 23: pp. 408 - 432 10th Edition Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. seed cones seed cones pollen cones a. A northern coniferous forest of evergreen trees b. Cones of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Sylvia S. Mader Plant Evolution and Diversity c. Fleshy seed cones of juniper, Juniperus a: © Corbis Royalty Free; b: © Walt Anderson/Visuals Unlimited; c: © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Evelyn Jo Johnson, photographer PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 1 Evolutionary History of Plants Plants are multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes. Plants evolution is marked by adaptations to a land existence. A land environment does offer certain advantages. Plentiful light for photosynthesis Carbon dioxide is present in higher concentrations and diffuses more readily in air than in water. 3 Evolutionary History of Plants A land environment does offer certain advantages Constant threat of desiccation (drying out). Protect all phases of reproduction (sperm, egg, embryo) from drying out Seed plants disperse their embryos within the seed, which provides the embryo with food within a protective seed coat. The water environment provides plentiful water. support for the body of the plant. 4 • Nonvascular Plants- have small reduced leaves, no vascular tissue(veins to carry water) no true roots, and reproduce by spores or flagellated cells that travel through water. – Bryophyta (mosses) • Vascular Plants- have true roots, stems, and leaves with vascular tissue. Xylem- water and minerals. Phloem- transports carbohydrates – seedless plants • club moss • Ferns – seed plants • Gymnosperms - naked seeds – Conifer- needle or scale leaf, cones • Angiosperms - flowering plants » Monocots- parallel veins, petals in 3‘s PLANT OUTLINE Non-Vascular – Water movement by osmosis – Solutes move by diffusion – Plants not very large, all parts must be near their water source vs. Vascular –Water and solutes moved through special cells called xylem –Sugar transported by special cells called phloem –Plants can be 300’ tall and parts can be distant from water source Alternation of Generations Life cycle involves alternation of generations Sporophyte (2n): Multicellular 1n individuals (gametophytes) produce multicellular 2n individuals (sporophytes) Multicellular 2n individuals (sporophytes) produce multicellular 1n individuals (gametophytes) Multicellular individual that produces spores by meiosis Spore is haploid cell that will become the gametophyte Gametophyte (1n): Multicellular individual that produces gametes Gametes fuse in fertilization to form zygote Zygote is a diploid cell that will become the sporophyte 9 Alternation of Generations Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. sporophyte (2n) sporangium (2n) zygote (2n) FERTILIZATION diploid (2n) MEIOSIS haploid (n) spore (n) (n) (n) gametes gametophyte (n) 10 Alternation of Generations Appearance of generations varies widely In ferns, female portions are archegonia and are fertilized by flagellated sperm In angiosperm, female gametophyte (embryo sac), consists of an ovule Following fertilization, ovule becomes seed In seed plants, pollen grains are mature sperm-bearing male gametophytes 11 Reduction in the Size of the Gametophyte Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. spores G a m e t o p h y t e seed seed spores roots roots rhizoids roots rhizoids (n) Moss Fern S p o r o p h y t e (2n) Gymnosperm Angiosperm 12 Nonvascular Plants: Bryophytes Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) Lack specialized means of transporting water and organic nutrients Do not have true roots, stems, and leaves Gametophyte is dominant generation Produces eggs in archegonia Produces flagellated sperm in antheridia Sperm swim to egg in film of water to make zygote 15 Hornworts have small sporophytes that carry on photosynthesis (shown in diagram to the right) Liverworts have either flattened thallus or leafy appearance Nonvascular Plants sporophyte Mosses usually have a leafy shoot, although some are secondarily flattened Can reproduce asexually by fragmentation gametophyte B. Runk/S. Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography Dependent sporophyte consists of foot, stalk, and sporangium 16 Alternation of Generations: Nonvascular Plants 12 Vascular Plants Dominate the natural landscape Xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals up from roots Phloem conducts sucrose and other organic compounds throughout the plant Lignin strengthens walls of conducting cells in xylem All seed plants are heterosporous and have male and female gametophytes Seeds disperse offspring 20 Fern Life Cycle Gymnosperms Largest group of gymnosperms = conifers. examples of conifers: pine, spruce, cedar, redwood naked seeds (no fruit) needle like leaves most are evergreens well adapted to hot summers and cold winters 35 Conifer Life Cycle Angiosperms Flowering plants seeds enclosed in fruit “hardwood” trees....maple, oak Two classes of flowering plants Monocotyledones (Monocots) Dicotyledones (Dicots) 45 Angiosperms – Flowers & Fruits • Peduncle (flower stalk) expands at tip into a receptacle • Bears sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels, all attached to receptacle in whorls • Calyx (collection of sepals) protect flower bud before it opens Carpel Stigma Anther Stamen • Corolla (collection of petals) • Each stamen consists of an anther and a filament (stalk) • Carpel has three major regions Style Ovary Filament Petal – Ovary - Swollen base • Sepal Fruit – Style - Elevates stigma – Stigma - Sticky receptor of pollen grains Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Receptacle Ovule Generalized Flower Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. anther stigma filament style pollen tube ovary stamens ovule carpel receptacle petals (corolla) sepals (calyx) 51 Flowering Plant Life Cycle Flowers and Diversification Wind-pollinated flowers are usually not showy Bird-pollinated flowers are often colorful Night-blooming flowers attract nocturnal mammals or insects Usually white or cream-colored Fruits of flowers protect and aid in dispersal Utilize wind, gravity, water, and animals for dispersal 53 Other Terrestrial Adaptations Vascular tissue transports water and nutrients to the body of the plant Cuticle provides an effective barrier to water loss Stomata bordered by guard cells that regulate opening, and thus water loss 13 Leaf Adaptation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. cuticle a. Stained photomicrograph of a leaf cross section Plant leaves have a Cuticle and stomata Stomata 400 x b. Falsely coloured scanning Electron micrograph of leaf surface (Left): © Kingsley Stern; (Right): © Andrew Syred/SPL /Photo Researchers, Inc. 14 • Nonvascular Plants- have small reduced leaves, no vascular tissue(veins to carry water) no true roots, and reproduce by spores or flagellated cells that travel through water. – Bryophyta (mosses) • Vascular Plants- have true roots, stems, and leaves with vascular tissue. Xylem- water and minerals. Phloem- transports carbohydrates – seedless plants • club moss • Ferns – seed plants • Gymnosperms - naked seeds – Conifer- needle or scale leaf, cones • Angiosperms - flowering plants » Monocots- parallel veins, petals in 3‘s REVIEW