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Plant Diversity The Evolution and Classification of Plants Slide # 2 Warm-up: Answer for Each True or False 1. All plants perform photosynthesis. 2. All plants need water and nutrients. 3. All plants reproduce using flowers. 4. All plants reproduce using seeds. Slide # 3 PLANT CHARACTERISTICS 1. Multicellular eukaryotes 2. Photosynthetic autotrophs containing chloroplasts. 3. Non-motile (fixed to one spot) 4. Cell walls made of cellulose 5. Respond to environment and grow by using hormones Slide # 4 What Plants Need to Survive 1. Sunlight 2. Gas exchange - System for taking in CO2 and releasing O2 3. Water 4. Minerals All are needed so that plants can carry out photosynthesis! Slide # 5 Cladogram of Kingdom Plantae Gymnosperms Angiosperms Ferns Moss Flowers Seeds Vascular tissue Green algae Slide # 6 Problems with Living on Land The ancestors of plants were multicellular green algae. They were completely immersed in water & dissolved minerals. To move onto land, plants had to solve these problems: 1. How to get chemical resources (water, minerals, oxygen, and carbon dioxide) separated into air and soil 2. How to transport resources within the plant. 3. How to keep from drying out 4. How to reproduce without water Slide # 7 SOLUTIONS (ADAPTATIONS) 1. Leaves (CO2) and roots (H2O) 2. Develop a vascular system to transport resources in plant 3. Have a protective layer – cuticle (waxy outer layer) to keep from drying out 4. Specialized structures for reproduction including spores & seeds that do not dry out Slide # 8 Vascular Tissue 1. Vascular Tissue- hollow tube-like cells that transports materials throughout the plant Xylem- transports H20 up from roots. Phloem- transports food made in photosynthesis to where it is needed in the plant. Xylem (water) Phloem (food) Slide # 9 Bryophytes - NONVASCULAR 1. Live in moist, shady areas 2. NO vascular (transport) system 3. Small size because no vascular tissue moss 4. No true roots, stems, or leaves 5. Need water for reproduction. 6. Reproduces using spores, -asexual cell that can grow into a new organism. liverworts 7. Examples: Moss, Liverworts, & Hornworts hornworts Slide # 10 Ferns - Seedless Vascular Plants 1. Have vascular tissue. 2. Have true roots, stems & leaves 3. They grow in moist, shady habitats. 4. Have underground stems, roots, & large leaves called fronds. 5. Reproduce using spores, NOT seeds. Sori There are 11,000 species of ferns. Slide # 11 Seed Plants ADVANTAGE: reproduction IS NOT embryo dependent on water: endosperm 1. Seed contains a. A fully developed embryo b. Food supply for embryo c. A water-proof seed coat to keep from drying out Seed coat 2. Sperm transferred in water-proof pollen through pollination by wind or animals. 3. Developed seed-bearing structures: Cones & Flowers Slide # 12 Gymnosperms- “naked seed” 1. Cycad (Sago palm), 2. Ginkgo, 3. Conifer (pine, spruce, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipers, yews, & cypress trees) Sago Palm Ginkgo Ginkgo Sequoia Slide # 13 Gymnosperms-Conifers 1. Most common gymnosperms are Conifers 2. Conifers have leaves called needles or scales have a reduced surface area and thick waxy coat on the needle to reduce water loss and prevents freezing. Pine Juniper Slide # 14 Slide # 14 Conifer Reproduction 1. Male cones produce pollen and the female cone produces eggs and seeds. 2. Pollen is inefficiently transferred by the wind. 3. Once mature, the scales on the female cone dry out and open scattering the seeds by the wind. Pollen Cone Pollen Seed Cone Slide # 15 Angiosperms- “enclosed seeds” 1. Flowering plants that encourage direct and efficient pollen transfer (smell, color and offering nectar) 2. Pollinators are flying insects, birds, and bats that transfer pollen from flower to flower. 3. Flowers contain ovaries, which is where eggs/seeds are produced. 4. A fruit is the pollinated ovary containing mature seeds. Slide # 16 Two Divisions of Angiosperms: Monocots and Dicots